Summary Of Walden Two ( 1948 ) - 757 Words

B.F. Skinner is an American Psychologist from Pennsylvania who developed the idea of Behaviorism after studying at Harvard University (Biography.com Editors, n.d.). He is also known for his works such as, The Behavior of Organisms (1938), the novel Walden Two (1948), and later Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971) which examines behaviorism in society (Biography.com Editors, n.d.). Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born and raised in Susquehanna, a little town in Pennsylvania on March 20,1904 (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014;Biography.com Editors, n.d.). He was an imaginative and inventive child that built different mechanism which included, a cart that steered backwards, a perpetual motion machine, and a flotation device that separated ripe from unripe fruit (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). As he grew older, he also showed an interest in writing, and the ideas of Francis Bacon, whose ideas of inductive reasoning influenced Skinner (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). According to the B.F. Skinner Foundation (2014) once in college Skinner chose to be a writer, he attended Hamilton and after graduating returned home and wrote a few articles which brought him little to no success. He later moved to New York and worked as a bookstore clerk where he stumbled upon the works of Pavlov and Watson, they held an impression on him and he strived to learn more (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). Therefor, Skinner decided to attend Harvard University’s Department of Psychology (B.F. SkinnerShow MoreRelatedUtopia Viewpoint in B.F. Skinners Book, Walden Two924 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948, B.F. Skinner published his novel, Walden Two, based on an utopian viewpoint that once arose from a dinner conversation with a friend. Skinner shared his thoughts with his companion about soldiers returning from war. Skinner was curious as to how soldiers could abandon adventure only to tie themselves down to pursue the â€Å"American Dream† when they could be exploring the world cau ght up in their own personal experiences (Altus Morris, 2004). However, Skinner’s utopian viewpoint was not aRead MoreEssay about Using Reflection to Identify Teacher Development Needs1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthe course and as a trainee teacher. I will then conclude with a summary of my development and identify future professional development needs. â€Å"Reflective practice is understood as the process of learning through and from experience towards gaining new insights of self and/or practice† (Boud et al 1985; Boyd and Fales, 1983; Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). Reflection has been an important feature of Teacher education for the last two decades (Dieker Monda –Amaya, 1997; Henry, 1999; Parkay, 2000;Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio

Immigration The Land Of Opportunity - 1583 Words

America throughout history has always existed as the land of opportunity. This land gave immigrants the opportunity to leave their country since political unrest and lack of opportunity become an issue. These immigrants were willing to leave behind their homes, cultures, and relationships and start fresh in another country. Starting fresh in America does not guarantee success, but these immigrants were willing to put their lives on the line in order to accomplish a â€Å"rags to riches† success story. On the contrary, the recent spike in immigration has become a major debate for everyone. Critics’ arguing against immigration say that immigration leads to overcrowding, drug trafficking, and puts American culture at risk. Simply, immigrants play a leading factor in society politically, economically, and socially. But focusing on the economic contributions immigrants bring, immigrants contribute to the economy by paying taxes, purchasing items, and working jobs. Immigrant s work any jobs regardless of the hours or workload therefore the American dollar rises in value because people spend more money on objects. Since America exists as the land of opportunity, illegal immigrants should not remain discriminated as their work leads to economic prosperity. The first waves of immigrants were young pioneer workers who were willing to work low wage jobs to provide for their family. Throughout these years, immigrants crossed back and forth bringing their families alongside them. ImmigrantsShow MoreRelatedImmigration : The Land Of Opportunity943 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration remains the foreground of the United States; this happens to be one of the reasons it is known as the land of opportunity. Since the beginning, immigration has been a key concept in America, immigrants could settle down without fear of persecution. However, modern laws have seized this foundation and twisted it in such a way that it is a crime to migrate to the United States, under cer tain circumstances. Now, there only exists few options for immigrants to be naturalized and made permanentRead MoreImmigration, The Land Of Opportunity For People1478 Words   |  6 Pageshundreds of years, immigration has shaped America into who she is today. July 4, 1776, was the day immigrants first stepped onto North American soil and claimed the land as theirs. The impact of migration on a country this big can’t be ignored, especially because the people coming to live in America are usually from Third World countries and are looking for employment and to be shown a better way a life. Like anything else, there are both huge pros and cons to Third World immigration. Once, AmericaRead MoreImmigration to the Land of Opportunity Essay examples878 Words   |  4 Pages Immigration to America is often a decision made in order to discover a better life for a family or individual. America’s founding ideals are usually what compel foreigners to move to the US. The stories of America being the â€Å"Land of Opportunity† have continued to persuade people to immigrate. Although immigration in the 20th century is much different from recent immigration, the underlying reasons for moving to the US are usually quite similar. Anna Romano was 24 years old when she, her husbandRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The Land Of Freedom And Opportunity1208 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is the land of freedom and opportunity. There has been an increasing number of illegal immigrants entering the country over the years. â€Å"It is estimated that more than 12 million undocumented immigrants currently reside within the United States, with this number projected to increase into the foreseeable future (Muschek 2015). The majority of illegal immigrants are Mexicans, â€Å"75% of all illegal immigrants come from Mexico† (Krogstad 2016). Illegal immigration can be defined as someone stayingRead MoreAmerican Immigration Entropy : The Land Of Opportunity And The Nation Of Immigrants996 Words   |  4 PagesCherub Ravoori. Eng 102- 050. Daniel Listoe. Draft 1, 10- x-15 â€Å"American Immigration Entropy† Stars and stripes, the land of opportunity and the nation of immigrants. The United States of America, one of the largest and most influential countries today, is and always has been a grand attraction to people all over the world. America has become home to people from all corners on this planet; especially to Europeans seeking wealth and religiousRead MoreEssay on Americans are Immigrants!1016 Words   |  5 Pages(American Immigration: Quotes about Immigration). Immigrants have been in America for many years now. Today many people have different opinions about whether immigrants should be allowed into America freely, or if there should be more harsh regulations to those coming into the country. After September 11, people have been afraid, or scared of foreigners coming to America. â€Å"Today a wide-open door is an invitation to national disaster,† was said by FAIR (American Immigration: Quotes about Immigration). IRead MoreThe Alien Land Law ( 1913 )893 Words   |  4 PagesThe Alien Land Law (1913), alternatively known as the California Alien Land Law and the Webb-Haney Bill, was legislation passed by Governor Hiram Johnson (1866-1945, Gov. 1911-1917) which directed that Foreign Aliens and immigrants were ineligible for citizenship and by extension restricted from leasing and owning land. While not explicitly discriminatory towards a particular group, the intention and focus of the law was directed at Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States who faced increasinglyRead MoreImmigration Is An Act Of A West African Native1322 Words   |  6 Pages What is immigration? According to Payne (2013), immigration is an act of going from another country to become permanent resident. In my opinion, it’s a deeper and more logical definition. I have several reasons why I define immigration as one seeking better opportunities, better living conditions and income. Many people today look at immigration as one of the Major political problems our economy encounters, while many see migrating from their origin better opportunity for themselves andRead MoreUncle Sams Thanksgiving Dinner Analysis1155 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner† and â€Å"America The Land of Opportunity†, both cartoons show different aspects of immigration. America was founded by immigrants. Our brave and heroic founding fathers set out to create a new nation. The founding fathers wanted to get away from the burdens in England and establish a new colony unlike any around. This nation would be free of unjust rule and any tyranny. They want ed citizens of the country to have rights that would never be taken away. We all cameRead MoreThe Legalization Of Legalizing Immigration Reform1488 Words   |  6 PagesGabby Punzalan Mrs. Schmidt Speech Debate 25 May 2014 Legalizing Immigration Reforms I. Introduction A. America, to everyone around the world – even to those who have not stepped on its land, is acknowledged as the Land of Opportunity, a place applauded and revered for its allocation of freedom and equality among its inhabitants. Because of this, those seeking to flee poverty and lack of resources to sustain their lives come this country to experience the American Dream. One might ask, however

Tax Expenditures Efficiency Of Government -Myassignemnthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Tax Expenditures Efficiency Of Government? Answer: Introducation The financial statements help in getting a better view of the position of the companies with respect to finances that is represented in the balance sheet. The owners equity, liabilities and assets is considered to be the primary items that come in the balance sheet of the company. The current annual report of Energy Resources Australia Ltd. shows the major items under the heading of Equity, which consists of Reserves, Retained Earning and Issued Capital (Cohen-Cole Martinez-Garcia, 2013). The annual report of the company shows the amount of issued capital that has remained the same that is $ 706 million in both the financial years. The primary purpose of the equity shares is to fulfill the requirement of capital within the company. it can be seen that the earning per share of the company had decreased from $53.2 that was in 2015 to 52.4 in 2016 ("2016 Annual Report - Energy Resources of Australia", 2018). The other item that is present in the equity of the company is reserves. Reser ves are considered to be the excess amount that is paid by the shareholders apart from the nominal price of the shares. The equity reserve for the company in 2015 was $ 389 million, which decreased to $ 389 million in the year 2016. The company does not have any other reserve under that head in the year 2016. The last item under the head equity for the company is the accumulated loss, which showed an amount of $ (626 million) in the year 2015 that increased to ($ 897million) in the year 2016. When the business carries out its operations, the companies have to incur various expenses such as operating expenses, administrative expenses, selling expenses and others. The tax expenses are usually one of the items that the companies have to incur for the smooth operation of the business. The tax expenses can be formulated by multiplying the tax of the business with the income that the company had before the tax was paid after the reconciliation of the tax has been done (Burman Phaup, 2012). It is necessary for Energy Resources Australia to calculate their taxes in a correct way so that it can be paid accordingly on an annual basis. With respect to this, the company has to pay the tax expenses to the state and the federal government as well. The Australian Taxation Law issued 30 percent of tax for the companies that are doing business in Australia. The expenses related to income tax for the company in 2015 was $ 195 million and the annual report do not show any record for the in come tax expense of the company for the year 2016 ("2016 Annual Report - Energy Resources of Australia", 2018). The current annual report of Energy Resources Ltd. shows the profit before tax for the company as $ 79 million in the year 2015 and $ 271 million in the year 2016. The company follows 30 percent rate of tax in both the years. Thus, the expenses of tax for the company have to be ($ 79 million * 30%) that is $ 23.7 million for the year 2015 and ($ 271 million * 30%) that is $ 81 million in the year 2016. Nevertheless, as per the income statement of the company, the amount of expense that was considered as tax was $ 195 million in the year 2015 where in the year 2016 the company did not record any of it ("2016 Annual Report - Energy Resources of Australia", 2018). Therefore there has been a difference in the amount of tax that was paid by the company. This can be due to various factors, which may result in showing the difference between the income taxes of the company. The first reason is the difference between the rate of tax in the overseas market and the Australian market. The next r eason can be amortization and the non-deductible depreciation. The company had paid $1.1 million as depreciation and amortization in the year 2015 and $37 million in the year 2016, which has to be added back to the income tax expenses of the company for both the years respectively ("2016 Annual Report - Energy Resources of Australia", 2018). The deferred tax liabilities and assets are an important part in treating the taxes of the company. In most of the situations, the companies have to pay an extra amount as tax in the present year, which is known as the assets in the future years, which is known as the deferred assets of tax (Harrington, Smith Trippeer, 2012). In other situations, there are differences in the value of tax-carrying and the differences, which are known as deferred tax liabilities (Gallemore et al., 2012). The annual report of Energy Resources Australia shows the deferred tax liabilities to be $ 21.09 million in the year 2015 and $ 21.06 million in the year 2016. This shows that the company may face outflow of cash or losses in the future due to the decrease in the deferred liabilities for the company. The company can pay a lesser amount as tax in the year 2017, as they have already paid an amount in 2016. With respect to the treatment of taxes, the current tax assets and the liabilities need to be taken in to consideration, as it is considered to be important factors. The company did not mention any amount regarding the current tax assets and liabilities in the annual report. The company mentioned in the annual report that the current tax assets and liabilities are the offset of the entity that has the right to be enforced in a legal manner and its intention is to settle the matter in an overall manner or to sell the assets and help in the settlement of the liability simultaneously (Laux, 2013). Therefore, it can be stated that the differences in the income tax payable and expenses has to be mentioned by the company so that it can easily be calculated for the income of the current year (Dhaliwal et al., 2013). Thus it can be said that the income tax that is payable and the expenses for the company cannot be same. The companies mention the income tax expenses in the statement of income and in the cash flow statements as well, which has also been done by Energy Resources Australia. The company had an expense of $ 195 million as income tax in the year 2015 and in the year 2016 the company has not recorded the expenses. The company did not show any record of the income tax that they paid in the cash flow statement (Saad, 2014). This is mainly due to the fact that the flow of cash from the operating activities show an amount of outflow or inflow of cash, which may result in the decrease or increase in the assets or liabilities of the company. The tax that is payable comes under the head current liabilities for the company and the reconciliation in the cash flow statement is done later (Dowling, 2014). These are the probable two reasons, which create the differences in the income tax that is reported in the statement of cash flow and the statement of income for the company as well. Therefore the analysis that has been done above shows that Energy Resources Australia treats the taxes in a confusing manner, as the records are not properly maintained in the books of accounts ion an annual basis. The company has treated the taxes in an interesting manner, as the reconciliation of the tax has been recorded as notes, which are the primary causes for the differences in the amount of tax of the company. Additionally, the person can gain a better insight regarding the differences that are present between the expenses in the income tax that is recorded in the cash flow statement and the statement of income as well. They can also gain a deeper insight regarding the different rate of taxes that is prevalent in various countries and treat it accordingly. Reference List 2016 Annual Report - Energy Resources of Australia. (2018).Energyres.com.au. Retrieved 21 January 2018, from https://www.energyres.com.au/media/2016-annual-report/ Atkinson, A. B. (2013). Participation income.Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research, 435-438. Burman, L. E., Phaup, M. (2012). Tax expenditures, the size and efficiency of government, and implications for budget reform.Tax Policy and the Economy,26(1), 93-124. Cohen-Cole, E., Martinez-Garcia, E. (2013). The balance sheet channel. Dhaliwal, D. S., Kaplan, S. E., Laux, R. C., Weisbrod, E. (2013). The information content of tax expense for firms reporting losses.Journal of Accounting Research,51(1), 135-164. Dowling, G. R. (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially irresponsible?.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), 173-184. Gallemore, J., Maydew, E., Schipper, K., Shackelford, D., Wang, S. (2012). Deferred tax assets and bank regulatory capital.EBC Discussion Paper,2012. Harrington, C., Smith, W., Trippeer, D. (2012). Deferred tax assets and liabilities: tax benefits, obligations and corporate debt policy.Journal of Finance and Accountancy,11, 1. Laux, R. C. (2013). The association between deferred tax assets and liabilities and future tax payments.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1357-1383. Marron, D. (2012). How Large Are Tax Expenditures? A 2012 Update.Tax Notes. Tax Policy Center. Saad, N. (2014). Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075

Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources free essay sample

ACTIVITY A – INFORMATION SHEET FOR THE NOKE BY THISTLE HOTEL (742 WORDS) Organisation / Products / Services The Noke by Thistle is a Thistle Hotel, owned by Guoman Hotels, located in Chiswell Green, St. Albans. Situated just off junction 21A of the M25 and junction 6 of the M1, its location is perfect for both travelling business clients and those seeking leisure breaks. The hotel offers a wide range of products and services, spanning from accommodation, breakfast lunch and dinner services, conference rooms and locations for both wedding services and wedding receptions. Couples to be married at the site are allocated a wedding planner to organise and to help manage their perfect day. The Wedding Planner has contacts with photographers, dressmakers, caterers and other companies. They are trained to liase with the couple at an informal meeting to get to know how they imagine their special day to be. Customers During the week, our customers are made up of predominantly business clients from organisations all over the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Organisations and the Role of Human Resources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is vital that sound relationships with businesses are retained and accommodation deals are arranged with each company to keep these relationships. At the weekend the hotel hosts numerous functions and is mainly occupied by families. With a large marquee in the grounds, the venue is used for christenings, birthday celebrations, retirements, Christmas parties and of course weddings amongst others. In the winter months the marquee is fully heated allowing the venue to be used all year round. The on site creche service allows parents to leave their children in the care of child care professionals, allowing them to enjoy weddings, parties and other such functions. Purpose / goals The organisation provides comfortable bedrooms, conference rooms, wedding venues, high quality food and drink and a pleasurable stay that satisfy customers. The following focus points allow this to be achieved. Providing a quality gym to allow both business and non – business clients to relax and unwind. Plans to offer more classes at the gym. Recent refurbishment of rooms to exceed customer requirements. Internet access Tailoring menus to different functions. Look to expand conference facilities. Look to introducing a â€Å"baby listening† service for guests attending a function at the hotel. External factors and their impact A PEST analysis can be undertaken by the organisation to recognise the external factors that may affect its future direction. †¢ Political – land behind the hotel – planning permission to external body resulted on objections from the local residents. The local council opposed, as confirmed by the General ma nager (2011). †¢ Economic – recession – had to reduce room prices to meet customer needs. Social – immigration quota. CIPD 2011. Changing immigration laws will mean a reduced pool to recruit staff from when resourcing will be particularly evident over the coming Summer months at the height of the hotels busiest period. †¢ Technological – staff training on new software programme Opera. Transition from current software programme Fidelio to Opera to keep up with technological advances, as recognised by Line Manger A (2011). Structure The Noke by Thistle adopts the Matrix model because different departments eport into other departments as well as their own superior, which allows it to meet its strategic aims. (See appendices page 1). The following functions help contribute to the organisation’s success; †¢ Events – Take and manage conference room bookings. Relationships are built with different companies, the reputation increases and the business comes back time after time. †¢ Housekeeping – Ensure that rooms are spotless and match the requirements of guests so that they return. Accounts – Process payments correctly and manage and analyse profits and growth. †¢ Restaurant – Provide an exceptional service to guests to ensure that their stay is pleasant and thus return. Culture Coined as â€Å"the way we do things around here† (Deal and Kennedy, 1983, p. 501), culture encompasses how an organisation is run, its â€Å"personality†, and the norms, values, beliefs and attitudes (Armstrong, 2010) that reflect the organisation’s mission, aims and goals. Four types of culture were identified by Handy (1981) Power – boss in the centre – source of power. Spider web framework. Role – each employee has job descriptions. Pyramid framework. Task – project driven. Person – individual expertise, for example, doctors. The Noke by Thistl e tends to adopt a mix of the power / role culture. Each employee has a role within a department with a job description, specifying requirements, responsibilities and boundaries. (Handy, 1993) The blend comes for example when accommodation deals with businesses are finalised by the General Manager. ACTIVITY B – REPORT TO JUSTIFY THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES / LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION (739 WORDS) 1. 0 Introduction Following the proposal to close reduce / close the Human Resources / Learning and Development department, this report shall highlight the needs for retaining the function by drawing on the following; The organisations strategy and how the Human Resources / Learning and Development function supports this. The strength of the support Human Resources / Learning and Development give to line managers and their staff. The following methodology was undertaken. Research into current Human Resource Management, business studies and hotel management literature in order to gain a full understanding of how the Human Resources function contributes within this industry. Examination of Thistle literature to understand what Human Resources / business planning is currently being undertaken. Interviews and discussions with the General Manager, line managers and staff to establish how the Human Resources function works within the organisation. . 0 Findings 2. 1 Strategy The organisation has a long term strategy of growing its customer base by providing further products and services, increasing their conference facilities, increasing it’s wedding sales and maximising the services available to families. With the refurbishment of Westminster Lodge, the local swimming pool and gymnasium, plans are being put together to extend the on site gymnasium Otium leisure centre. (General Manager, 2011). 2. Benefits of Human Resources / Learning and Development Staff development – Pfeffer’s (1998, cited on CIPD, 2011) research found that â€Å"the combination of a number of powerful tools and policies of human resource management, acting as a total system, produce the highest levels of employee commitment and sustained company business success. † Employee commitment is extremely evident within this organisation and it’s due to the opportunities given to employees to develop, as employee A (2011) states. I’ve just done my intermediate level Food Hygiene course. I’m able to progress within this company and ever improve. † As Line manager A (2011) reports, â€Å"we value employees and it is necessary to develop employee talents to enable us to reach organisational aims and hence optimise organisational performance. † Employee relations – employee relations involves â€Å"managing conflict situations and seeking to gain the commitment of employees to organisational goals. (Martin, Whiting and Jackson, 2010, p. 215). The organisation has practices in place, including daily meetings, departmental meetings and suggestion boxes that engage all staff and value their work and well being. Employees continually work to the organisational goals and staff turnover levels are extremely low. Reward Human Resources advise managers and employees on the reward package and have produced a section for the staff handbook to explain all aspects of this. As line Manger B (2011) commented, â€Å"Human Resources worked closely with us (accounts) to ensure that a fair pay system is being implemented. † Line Manager A (2011) also added â€Å"Human Resources attend induction programmes to explain the reward package to new employees. † 2. 3 Supporting line managers and their staff Policy and procedure advice – the support that the Human Resources function gives to line managers regarding policy and procedures gives them heightened confidence to follow it in accordance with the strategic aims of the organisation. This is echoed in their staff and thus improves the highly consistent performance of all staff. Employment Law advice – employment legislation is ever changing and staff need a specialist person to interpret these changes and ensure all staff are working in accordance with them. The provision of exchange programmes and English language training – the organisation is an equal opportunities employer and pride themselves on providing support where necessary for all members of staff. For example, where English is not an employee’s first language, providing an opportunity for the employee to attend an English language evening class. This gives employees increased confidence and further skills to work to the organisations goals. 3. 0 Conclusions Human Resources / Learning and Development highlights clear benefits for the organisation in terms of staff development, employee relations and reward that will help meet the long term needs of the organisation. Human Resources / Learning and Development provides specialist advice on policies and procedures and changing laws to support managers and staff to deliver a high quality service that both simultaneously meets the needs of customers and works towards the strategic aims of the organisation. Human Resources / Learning and Development provide the provision for exchange programmes and language training programmes in conjunction with schools and the local college to better the education of employees to work towa rds the organisation’s aims. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary research General Manager (2011) – Interview 31st May 2011. Line Manager A (2011) – Interview 1st June 2011. Line Manager B (2011) – Interview 1st June 2011. Employee A (2011) – Interview 1st June 2011. Secondary research Handy (1993) Understanding Organisations (4th ed) Harmondsworth: Penguin. Martin, Whiting and Jackson (2010) Human Resource Practice (5th ed) London: the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development. Journals Deal, T. E. and Kennedy, A. 1983), â€Å"Culture a new look through old lenses† The Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, volume 19, number 4, 498-505. Websites CIPD (2011) HR in Tough Times: Adapting to a Changing World. Available: http://www. cipd. co. uk/hr-resources/research/hr-tough-times-adapting-chang. aspx [Date accessed: 29th May 2011]. CIPD (2011) Immigration Debate needs to take into account recruitment difficulties. Available: http://www. cipd. co. uk/pressoffice/_articles/24012005125239. htm ? IsSrchRes=1 [Date accessed 29th May 2011].

Larkins poems Essays

Larkins poems Essays Larkins poems Essay Larkins poems Essay What makes an effective poem? As this is a rather ambiguous question, I think it is important to first clarify what I think makes an effective poem. The most obvious aspect of a poem that makes it effective is language, imagery and some sort of rhythm. However, this does not make a poem complete. For someone like myself who does not appreciate poetry much unless it evokes some sort of emotion in me, would definitely think that it is emotions, which are integral in making poems successfully effective. Another aspect of a poem, which makes it powerful, is its ability to revive the readers imagination and amuse them.A good poem makes you feel like youve been there before, takes you back to a feeling you have had before, a situation in your life that you have experienced or want to experience. Larkins poems are known to be depressing but to what extent are they depressing, is this a negative trait and does it stop them from being effective? To explore this idea I will look closely at two of Larkins poems, Ambulances and A study of reading habits to discuss the techniques and ideas Larkin uses which make his poems depressing and effective.I chose to explore A study of reading habits because I think it is one of Larkins poems, which amuses me the most. Larkin uses rather colloquial language in his poems, which immediately involves the person reading it. He does this from the very beginning of the poem getting my nose into a book and Had ripping times. This technique interests the read er and familiarises them with the situation, which is effective in that it is easy to read if we can relate to the poet. In this poem Larkin is talking about a topic, which most people reading his poem would most definitely be able to identify with reading.It is quite a lighthearted poem and this is due to the fact that Larkin is talking about the familiar storylines of the novels he has read which usually include well-known cheesy fiction with characters like the dude/ Who lets the girl down before/ The hero arrives and the chap/ Whos yellow and keeps the store. Larkin is saying how after all his reading hes just one of those pitiable characters and not the Evil, exciting character with the cloak and fangs. This is quite amusing because we can relate to this.Aspiring to be the heroes and exciting, popular, attractive characters is something most readers have in common. The second stanza in particular is exciting to read as it depicts a dream created from the books he reads, that p eople have to be the evil powerful villain. On the other hand the poem could be viewed in quite a sinister and perhaps a depressing way. The image of the ripping times in the dark, clubbing women with sex, and breaking them up like meringues portrays an image of his reading making him aspire towards sexual violence which gives a negative, fearful feeling to the reader.The two characters he mentions to be familiar with are the chap Whos yellow and the dude who lets the girl down, and not the exciting villains or heroes which is depressing in the fact that he has realised that his role in the world is like that of these boring, failures. At the end of the poem he seems to scorn the books because of his bitter, painful realisation that he cant be one of the characters in his fantasies when he concludes, Get stewed:/ Books are a load of crap Contrastingly and on a more amusing note, this final line could also be amusing in that it is quite ironic for a poet to say that Books are a load of crap.The slang use of words, make him seem fed-up like a common person who finds something he reads difficult to comprehend. Ambulances is rather contrasting to A study of reading habits in both its content and effect. The poems central theme is that of death. Larkin again involves the reader, firstly by talking about a subject universally linked with every person and in the first stanza says that ambulances come to rest at any kerb/ All streets in time are visited It paints some rather morbid images to create the scene of a dead person being carried out of their home.Larkin describes the ambulance as being Closed, giving the sense of a coffin, untouchable and cannot be entered by choice but only with the invitation of death. It is also compared with confessionals, which gives a death of something sacred and very private. The ambulance drives into a street, which contrasts to itself, having children about and the image of mothers walking up and down. The different dinners, paint s an effective image of all the different lives progressing in each of the different houses on the street.Putting the dead body in this environment is effective in that it includes all readers into the situation, as all people have experienced death around them. Larkin mentions the wild white face which is particularly moving as it contrasts with the richness of the Red stretcher-blankets and the colours that could be imagined to be associated with the children. Larkin morbidly emphasises our dehumanisation after we die as the body is depicted as a lifeless object to be stared at with no power, comparing the body to luggage carried in and stowed.Theres a rather sinister feeling created by this imagery, it makes the reader quite sad that this is what life amounts to in the end, and that everything that we worry about is pointless. The third stanza of this poem is particularly depressing as Larkin comes to a sort of realisation of the emptiness in the lives we live, in all we do, the things that matter so much to us in our lives today, are in effect empty, as the time comes closer for the ambulance to come and carry us away.The idea of death is present in a lot of Larkins poetry and I think this is effective as he is showing us that the one thing that we avoid and mask with unimportant fancies is just a part of life and a part of the vital cycle that keeps life going. Another aspect of Larkins poems that make them interesting is that they criticise many human activities and behaviour like in faith healing where Larkin looks at the extent to which people go to feel a kind of love or hope, talking of their responses to the healing as universal and fake.The prime example of this I can think of is his poem, The Whitsun Weddings, which shows several people going through the same process of getting married, believing that it is something individual and special, when in fact every wedding is the same. It shows that peoples lives are all a train journey, going the sam e route and then ending at the same point. To conclude I dont agree with the statement that Larkins poetry is too depressing to be effective as I think that it is its morbidity which makes it so successful.A poem, which can evoke strong emotions in the reader, is effective, and Larkin shows that he is capable of doing so. He uses images and language to create saddening and sometimes revolting images, being open about the imperfections of life. One of the aspects of his poetry that people find depressing is his theme of death, which he includes so openly and effectively, making us think about the absurdity of our actions that try to cover up the acknowledgment of out eventual end and showing us that death is a part of our everyday lives.

45 Synonyms for Food

45 Synonyms for Food 45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food† 45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food† By Mark Nichol Food means â€Å"a substance we eat for nutritional and/or gustatory purposes,† but that word is bland. For a tastier experience, use one of its synonyms listed below to convey the connotation you desire your readers to digest: 1. Aliment: food as nourishment 2. Bite: a bite’s worth of food, but also a small amount of food, such as a snack, or a casual reference to a larger amount 3. Board: the food laid out on a table, from the association of board with table; also denotes the part of the housing arrangement known as room and board, where room refers to lodging and board to meals 4. Bread: a synecdochic reference to food (synecdoche is a rhetorical device in which a part stands for a whole, as in â€Å"All hands on deck† for â€Å"All sailors on deck†) 5. Chow: food (slang); also a verb, as in â€Å"Chow down† 6. Comestible: food (formal or mock-formal); also a synonym for the adjective edible 7. Comfort food: food that satisfies nostalgic yearnings for traditionally prepared meals 8. Cooking: food, especially as specifically prepared, as in â€Å"I like her cooking† 9. Cuisine: food prepared in a specific fashion, as according to cultural tradition, or the manner or style of cooking 10. Diet: the particular combination of food for a person, group, or society, or a combination of food specified for or by a person for health reasons and/or weight loss; also a verb referring to the process of improving or maintaining health and/or losing weight 11. Dish: a preparation of food served in a single container as part of a meal; also, a container or piece of dinnerware for cooking, serving, or eating food, or an attractive person, or a verb meaning â€Å"to gossip† 12. Eatable: food; also a synonym for edible 13. Eats: food, especially convenient or simple food (slang) 14. Entrà ©e: the main course of a meal 15. Fare: food, in the sense of what is available or what is traditionally eaten 16. Fast food: food prepared rapidly, especially in restaurants that serve food quickly and at a high volume; also, used as an adjective in this sense or in that of something produced with little regard for quality 17. Feed: food for livestock; also used to describe an informal fund-raising event such as a crab feed in which a featured food is served with other dishes 18. Fodder: see feed; also refers to material in general that is readily available for use or consumption (â€Å"cannon fodder†) 19. Foodstuff: something used as food, especially as a raw ingredient in a food product 20. Goodies: edible treats 21. Groceries: food purchased at a store 22. Grub: see eats 23. Handout: food given free for charitable purposes 24. Home cooking: food prepared at home in a traditional manner, with the nostalgic connotation of comfort and familiarity 25. Larder: a supply of food, from the synonym for pantry 26. Meal: the food served at a particular sitting 27. Meat: see bread, or food consisting of the flesh of an animal other than a fish 28. Menu: the food served during a meal, or a list of food to be served; also, any list of offerings or choices 29. Mess: a meal served to a group of people who routinely eat together, as a ship’s crew; also, that group of people or the location where they eat, or a certain amount of food 30. Nourishment: food in the sense of something that satisfies the need to eat; also, the act or state of nourishing or being nourished, or something other than food that provides a corollary benefit 31. Nutriment: something that satisfies the need for nutrition 32. Pabulum: food prepared in a semiliquid state for ease of eating and/or digestion; also, communication of minimal value or sophistication thought to be acceptable to lowest-common-denominator consumers, or, rarely, communication thought to be intellectually stimulating 33. Provender: see feed, or food in general 34. Provisions: a supply of food made available for specific use, as by an expedition 35. Ration: a supply of food made available for a specific person, as a member of a military unit, or, in plural form, such food in general; also, a supply of another commodity as dictated by availability 36. Refreshment: a snack or small meal intended to sustain until the next meal 37. Slop: low-quality food, or leftovers given to livestock; also, garbage, excrement, or slush, or effusive communication 38. Store: see larder 39. Subsistence: the minimum amount of food necessary for survival; also, the equivalent in nonedible commodities 40. Sustenance: see aliment 41. Table: see meal and larder 42. Take-out: food obtained from a restaurant to be eaten elsewhere 43. Viand: see dish, or a piece or item of food, especially a particularly delicious one, and, in plural form, see provisions 44. Victuals: food, or see provisions; as victual, a verb synonymous with provision in the sense of supplying with provisions 45. Vittles: food (a dialectical spelling of victuals) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsThe Writing ProcessAdvance vs. Advanced

Contract law examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Contract law examination - Essay Example However, if the offeree asks for further details about the offer, the offer is not rejected and is still effective as seen in Stevenson v McLean. If the offeror makes the offer again, then the offeree can accept it. An offer also ceases to be effective when the offeree makes a counter offer to the original offeror. In Hyde v Wrench, it was held that a counter offer rejects the original offer. The offeror is not bound to accept a counter offer. However, if he accepts the counter offer, a fresh agreement is formed without any regard to the original offer. iii. Failure to fulfill a condition precedent to acceptance also terminates an offer. If the offeror has specified a definite mode of communication of acceptance which is not followed by the offeree, the offer ceases to be effective. In Manchester Diocesan Council of Education v. Commercial and General Investments Ltd, the courts ruled that an offer ceases to effective if the specified mode of communication of acceptance is not followed. An offeror has a right to revoke his offer at any time before its acceptance. For an offer and acceptance to be valid, effective communication is of paramount importance. An acceptance is not effective if it is not communicated to the offeror. In the given case, Ali sent a letter of acceptance of Yasmin’s offer to her but addressed it wrongly. Until the letter reaches Yasmin, Ali’s acceptance would not be effective as the acceptance would not have been communicated to Yasmin. Therefore, as long as the letter is in transit, Yasmin has a right to revoke her offer. The communication of revocation of offer is also very important. In this case, Yasmin notified Ali’s friend that she had revoked her offer. Assuming that Ali’s friend is a reliable third party, by the application of Dickinson v Dodds, Yasmin’s notice of revocation would be deemed to be sufficient and effective. After her revocation, she would not be bound to perform her promise when the let ter

Principles of the Effective Marketing Services in the US Essay

Principles of the Effective Marketing Services in the US - Essay Example Marketing team aids the management to identify and fill the gaps in various steps, improve organizational strengths, and work on the weakness to eliminate them thereby positioning us to take a real advantage of opportunities and equip Medi-stim with the methods to defend against potential risks. Effective marketing services will add to Medi-stim’s success by inducing better returns for the hospitals, growing the client base, expanding the market share in the Americas and increase the hospital/patient satisfaction rates all of them would turn out to have a positive impact on bottom-line of Medi-stim USA’s revenue. In a nutshell, the need is for a brilliant team which can foster new ideas based on the market condition, steer a constructive debate with the management to facilitate the sale and lastly invokes inclusive actions from the management to facilitate all-round growth in market share. The Return on Investment in $, the network and also goodwill is discussed in this report. Numbers derived in this report are hypothetically forecasted based on q4 2009 results. Medi-stim is a 30 MNOK company which has marked its presence in the field of cardiovascular surgery with its intra-operative quality control equipment. The company has made its presence felt in Europe with divisions in Norway and Germany, in Asia and in the Americas with sales operation headed from Minneapolis. Americas are its second largest market with around 20% of the total sales. This paper gives a thought into the need of a marketing team to aid the sales team in the USA. Various reasons supporting the school of thought is put forward with appropriate example. The paper closes with a recommendation to the board of directors of Medi-stim to have a high-quality marketing team and initiate the process for further study.

Lotus Car Rental Alternative Fuel Assessment Essay Example for Free

Lotus Car Rental Alternative Fuel Assessment Essay Introduction The creation of a fleet of alternative fuel sourced automobiles would be a wise decision for the Lotus Car Rental Company. There are two major issues that are on the minds of people these days, the environment and money. By creating a fleet of alternative fuel based automobiles the Lotus Rental Care Company can help ease the fears of people in both categories. By having the ingenuity to have a fleet of alternative fuel automobiles; the Lotus Car Rental will set themselves apart from the rest of the rental car companies. Lotus Car Care will be the leaders in environmentally safe car rentals. The following research paper will discuss the background of this topic, the costs of working with alternative fuel automobiles, the technical aspects of alternative fuel, the environmental aspects of alternative fuel as well as discuss some recommendations for the Lotus Car Rental Company. Background The Lotus Car Rental Company is looking into adding a fleet of alternative fuel sourced vehicles to their supply. Alternative fuel sourced vehicles are classified as being resources other than petroleum. A few of these sources are produced here locally and some are derived from renewable sources. They often produce less pollution than does gasoline. (Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2012). Hybrids are also considered to be an alternative sourced vehicle. A Hybrid vehicle is one that utilizes more than one form of onboard energy to achieve propulsion (Edmunds.com, 2009). Financial Feasibility Several factors influence the financial feasibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to the fleet: vehicle cost, maintenance, advertising, and return on investment. Additional considerations include: market share, future growth, and implementation cost. The first consideration is the cost of adding hybrid vehicles to fleet inventory. Individual vehicle cost ranges from $23,000 to $37,000 and the models available include Honda Civic, Volkswagen Jetta, Lincoln MKZ, and Lexus ES300H (Almeida, 2009). Fleet costs would be less depending on number of units purchased and vehicle upgrades. Lotus Rental Car’s rentals fall into three categories: economy, mid-size, and luxury. Based on a cursory review of Lotus Rental Car’s primary income producers, the number of hybrid vehicles added should fall within the three to five percent range for each category. The initial outlay should equal or be less than the number of vehicles within each specific category that will be retired within the purchase year. For instance, if ten percent of economy vehicles will be retired then five percent of the new vehicles purchased will be hybrid. By timing the introduction of the new hybrid vehicles with inventory retirement the initial cost outlay will be mitigated. The anticipated maintenance costs will be similar to the previous year’s cost and no change is expected. Income from vehicles retired is expected to equal the same percentage as non-hybrid automobiles and will not constitute a negative financial impact. Advertising is a major consideration, although the cost is not expected to increase. Target markets will be in major cities where Lotus Rental Car’s already has a large presence. Urban centers with environmentally conscious drivers are the best place to begin a new hybrid product line. Adding information regarding the new line to existing websites provides maximum exposure with minimal cost. Other markets include environmentally conscious corporate businesses that already have a corporate account with Lotus. Market share and future growth is connected to advertising and return on investment. The implementation costs are minimal. The monthly return on investment is tied to advertising, environmental activity, and rental cost. Advertising includes national campaigns and local markets. The rental market incorporates online sales and local customers. The majority of travelers will book a rental vehicle prior to arriving at the rental company. Pricing will play an important factor in a rental commitment. Up-sale will increase income potential. Economy vehicles rentals begin at $9.99 and increase, depending on the current sales program. The cost may decrease, depending on the number of days booked, special pricing, and additional sale of navigation, XM radio, and infant seats. However, the average rental price for an economy vehicle is $29.99 per day and hybrid vehicles rent from $65.99 to $159 per day. The return on investment per day would range from $35 to $129. It is clear the automotive industry is offering a variety of hybrid vehicles in response to customer demand. The future of the automotive industry includes alternative fuel vehicles of all models. As the automotive industry embraces hybrid sales that increase their market share, so should the vehicle rental industry. Entry into a new product line will have higher costs than non-alternative vehicles until the product becomes well immersed into the market. In the case of hybrid vehicles it is prudent that Lotus Rental Car adds hybrid vehicles to their urban centers and joins the environmental movement along with major vehicle manufacturers. It is clear that as time passes, a portion of new business will gravitate toward rental car companies that offer alternative fuel vehicles. Lotus Rental Car company will lose future market share and the expense of entering the hybrid market will increase if Lotus Rental Car company enters the market after its competitors (Schueneman, 2009). Technical Aspects One of the many advantages of owning a hybrid vehicle is saving money at the pump. Unlike your standard gas running car, this on average would do about 21 mpg highway and city driving. Hybrids on average are doing 30 mpg highway and city. An article written on nationalgeographic.com it shows the actual fuel saving over a year span â€Å"The average American driver between the ages of 34 and 55 drives 15,291 miles annually. Divide this annual mileage figure by 21 miles to the gallon for the standard model, and you will find that you would buy about 728 gallons of gasoline a year. In contrast, if you divide the annual miles figure by 30 for the hybrid, you would determine that the annual gas purchase would be of about 510 gallons. You would save 218 gallons of gas a year with the hybrid. Multiply this by a conservative $3.50 a gallon for a dollar savings of $763. By selecting the hybrid over the standard model, you would make up for the $5,560 difference in sticker price in seven to eight years. Subtract the maximum tax incentive and you could recoup the $2,160 difference in less than three years. Thus, in this example, you would save money either by paying full price and driving your hybrid for more than eight years, or by driving it for more than three years with a tax credit.†(Nationalgeographic.com by Lynne Haley Rose). So although the price tag is little higher on hybrids you will easily make your money back in the gas savings. Most people may think,† Yeah, you save on gas, but don’t get the as much horsepower when you purchase a hybrid vehicle.† The idea of combining electric and gas does seem to leave much room for speed and maneuverability. This assumption is not true; yes hybrids do have smaller gas engines, but they make it up with their electric engine. Coupled with the gas engine, the electric engine can send power to various parts of the car, mainly the wheels. This is a very good advantage over standard horsepower, because it could actually supply more power to the car; which increases its speed. With all this talk about horsepower and speed, we begin to think about maintaining a hybrid car. Once again, just because it’s a hybrid doesn’t mean it’s more expensive. Most of the basic normal maintenance requirements like oil changes and tune ups cost about the same as standard cars. They even have their own perks. A standard car requires an oil change every 3,000 miles; whereas hybrids are every 6,000 miles. One of the most expensive items on a hybrid is the car’s battery; which can run you up to 3,000 dollars. Don’t let this number scare you, because these batteries have no real recorded life expectancy â€Å"a long time† is what I kept seeing in my research. As said in (8 Reasons to Buy a Hybrid Car) â€Å"Theres no difference between a hybrid and the gas-powered car parked in your garage — it can accelerate just as quickly and cruise just as fast on the highway, and it handles just as smoothly. Most important, hybrids are just as safe to drive.† (By Alan Rider Parents.com). Hybrids have come a long way since the first Prius 10 years ago. They’ve excelled in mpg, horsepower and style. There are a number of hybrids out there now and many styles to choose from in the standard and luxury lines. As far a comfortable ride, hybrids and standard cars are the same. Now, of course, if you go out and get a Lexus hybrid you’re going to have more luxuries than if you purchased a Toyota hybrid. Most cars you get know have all of the technical capabilities available and if they don’t they can be added. Technology will not stop growing and with that so will the new age of hybrids. Environmental Aspects Petroleum based fuels can create harmful emissions like carbon dioxide; nitrous oxides, and particulate matter, all of which degrade the environment (â€Å"5 things you need to know about alternative fuel vehicles,† 2008). These methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and other gasses are known as greenhouse gases. When these gasses build up they contribute to global warming. HybridCar.org claims that Hybrid vehicles produce 80 percent less greenhouse gases than conventional fuel based vehicles (Hybrid Cars And Pollution, 2005). Toxicity is another problem with petroleum fuel based vehicles. The producing of some forms of alternative fuels can create fewer toxins than those produced by traditional fuel vehicles. For instance, biodiesel is a fuel that is created from leftover vegetation like corn stalks. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic which makes it safe for the environment. Noise pollution is also a form of pollution. Car engines can produce 110 decibels of noise, which is twice as loud as a normal conversation.. The noise will come from the fuel pump, pistons and compressors that create the combustion and cycle the fuel. Vehicles with alternative fuel sources such as hydrogen fuel cells will produce no sound or vibration as they require no moving parts to produce fuel. Recommendations The research has shown that a fleet of alternative fuel sourced vehicles would be the best idea for everyone involved. The positive feedback generated by offering this fleet of vehicles would be astounding. The market for rental cars with alternative fuel capabilities is very small and the Lotus Car Rental Company would have the market cornered. The cost of maintain a fleet of these vehicles are no different than that of petroleum fueled vehicles. The consumer that is able to rent these vehicles will also benefit by being able to save more money on energy for the vehicle. The environment will also benefit from this addition to the Lotus Car Rental fleet. The amount of pollution and emissions that can be cut back will be helpful to the surrounding community and the future generations to grow up in the community. Conclusion The creation of a fleet of alternative fuel sourced automobiles would be a wise decision for the Lotus Car Rental Company. After conducting much research, the decision to incorporate a fleet of alternative fuel sourced automobiles would be in the best interest of the public as well as the company. The research has shown the monetary benefits, the technical benefits as well as the environmental benefits of acquiring a fleet of alternative fuel sourced automobiles. The benefits of having a positive company reputation are enormous. Having an environmentally friendly car rental company has the potential of being a lucrative decision. Living a green lifestyle has become an important thing in this day and age. The Lotus Car Rental Company will have cornered the market by having an entire fleet of environmentally friendly automobiles. References Alternative fuel vehicles. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml Edmunds.com. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/what-is-a-hybrid-car-how-do-hybrids-work.html Almeida, A. (2009, August 13). Average Cost of a Hybrid Car. Retrieved from CarsDirect: http://www.carsdirect.com/car-pricing/whats-the-average-cost-of-a-new-hybrid-car Schueneman, T. (2009, February 12). Enterprise Rent-a-Car Adds 5000 Hybrids to its Fleet of Fuel Efficient Cars. Retrieved from sustainablog: http://sustainablog.org/2009/02/enterprise-rent-a-car-adds-5000-hybrids-to-its-fleet-of-fuel-efficient-cars/ 5 things you need to know about alternative fuel vehicles. (2008, July). greencar.com, (), . Retrieved from http://www.greencar.com/articles/5-things-need-alternative-fuel-vehicles.php Hybrid cars and pollution. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.hybrid-car.org/hybrid-cars-pollution.html

The Awakening :: Essays Papers

The Awakening Edna’s awakening, from the beginning in Grand Isle, to her life in New Orleans and finally her death back in Grand Isle, takes place quite suddenly. She goes from a quiet, reserved lady, to an outspoken, strong-willed woman. Despite this dramatic change, one characteristic remained constant throughout the book. She was very confused about who she was and what she wanted in life. She is pursued by Robert, and is surprised when feelings for him stir inside her. At the beginning of the book, she dismisses him, mainly because she was married. â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier was glad he had not assumed a similar role toward herself. It would have been unacceptable and annoying.† As the weeks go on, her attitude changes greatly. Her response to Robert is one of love and passion. â€Å"I love you,† she whispered â€Å"only you, no one but you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 179, fifth paragraph). Edna often doesn’t understand her emotions and what is going on in her head, and she also frequently misinterprets them. Because of this she is a very unpredictable character, her actions and words are inconsistent in their messages. â€Å"Edna Pontellier could not have told why, wishing to go to the beach with Robert, she should in the first place have declined, and in the second place have followed in obedience to one of the two contradictory impulses which impelled her." â€Å"Yes,† she said. â€Å"The years that are gone seem like dreams- if one might go on sleeping and dreaming- but to wake up and find- oh! well! perhaps it is better to wake up after all, even if to suffer, rather than to remain a dupe to illusions all one’s life.† She seemed to welcome her awakening and, at first, enjoyed it. There were drawbacks to it though, just as benefits. People around her were deeply hurt by some of her independent, and sometimes self-absorbed, actions. By letting her feelings for Robert in, she discovered passion, but at the same time, pain and loss. The thought of continuing her life the way it was, and not being able to be with Robert drove her to such despair she came to the conclusion it was better off not living. As sad as this seems, she was at peace with herself when she died, which ultimately was all that she was striving for.

Cigarette Oligopoly

Cigarette Oligopoly Market Chayleen Marquis Benedictine University Author Note This research is being submitted on May 2, 2010, for Professor Raymond Bell’s MBA 611 course at Benedictine University by Chayleen Marquis. The cigarette market is one that is known to everyone. From magazine advertisements to constructive commercials people have been exposed to this market starting at a young age. The constant visuals of the advertisements as well as the free advertising that occurs daily with people smoking outside their office, in their car, and outside the night life scene the cigarette market has a benefit of using the free advertising as a benefit to their company at no cost. The cigarette market is a clear example of an oligopoly market because it is mostly run by a few large firms such as Philip Morris USA, Commonwealth Inc, Lorillard Inc and Reynolds American Inc. Due to the fact that an oligopoly market is hard to not only come into but also basically controlled by these large firms any new competitor is going to have a difficult time entering this market, being profitable in comparison to these firms and really having any type of say in the price or the output. A benefit of being an oligopoly is the fact that the prices are not determined for them but the larger firms more or less make the prices in reflection of the coordination amongst each other. Essentially the large firms come together and decide what price they would like to see and then all of the cigarettes cost the same amount across the board. Of course one concern that oligopoly’s must make sure that they are not be involved with is price fixing. Price fixing is when the competitors of a market fix the product price to avoid competition within their market, while at the same time not being fair to the consumers of the product in regards to the price. The price fixing does not always happen between the competitors but it also can be a factor between manufacturers and distributors. So as an oligopoly the firms must ensure that the price fixing is not occurring at any levels of their production. Most people look at an oligopoly market and think that they act as a monopoly because the main firms completely control the market. However in an oligopoly the main firms each have a distinguished product brand that sets them apart from their competitor even f it is in the smallest difference. These brands allow each firm to stake claim on consumers in a memorable way to keep consumers coming back for more. In reference to the cigarette oligopoly most consumers have smoke Marlboro’s from the beginning of their smoking career and have never strayed from the product that they know. In an oligopoly market if one firm drops their prices another firm is more likely to drop their prices as well to not only stay competitive but to also retai n their market share. However if a firm were to increase their prices the other competing firm will not like raise their prices obviously to try and maintain as well as try to increase their market share. Price increasing is not something that occurs often in an oligopoly market which in turn makes the market inelastic in regards to price change. The use of the game theory is commonly used in oligopoly markets such as the cigarette industry. Making moves in the market without fully knowing how your competitors are going to respond and knowing that if one move that is made can definitely benefit all firms is a tough task to attempt. Making a decision that could help out the companies is not always going to be perceived by the other companies and can back fire on the company who makes the initial decision which in turn would leave them more than likely with a net loss. In the cigarette oligopoly market I see promotion as a game theory used between the competing firms. Many different events are held and it seems that the cigarette firms are there to give away free samples of their new products, free t-shirts and of course creating a bond with the consumer which makes them stay a loyal customer and even gets some consumers to switch products. An example would be from Camel cigarettes to Marlboro cigarettes. As mentioned before advertisement is something that drives the cigarette oligopoly. With the promotions being such a market to get more and more people daily to advertise freely for the company cigarette firms use every opportunity to do so. Primarily during these promotion periods the cigarette companies will use the foot traffic to do the free advertising for them. This is an extremely smart move because in reality who does not want a free t-shirt. The competing firms do not know when competition is always having a promotion such as the ones mentioned above and could see a decrease in sales during a competitor’s promotion or even right after one. Another example of the game theory used in the cigarette oligopoly market is when purchasing a regular firm product giving out a free ull size sample of a new product to get consumers to try it, which then leads to the consumer not having to purchase their product for a longer period of time. In the cigarette industry I believe that profit has been maximized. There are not a lot of changes that can keep occurring in this industry that can great greater profits than the ones occurring right now. There is only so much change that the cigarette market can endure and change that I believe the market has no new product line to go to. The cigarette market is such an intricate market with a product that has been sold the same way for years and year’s people don’t want it to change. The only profit the cigarette industry is going to see is when prices rise slowly due to inflation. Other than taxes being enforced by states and the federal government the price for a pack of cigarettes is not going to change drastically by any firm in caution of losing its market share. The competition in the cigarette market is beneficial to the consumers because of the promotions they provide with all of the free merchandise. Unlike other oligopolies the cigarette market is not elastic so price changes that would occur in other oligopoly markets that affect the consumer don’t not occur in the cigarette market. Competition in other oligopoly markets can directly negatively affect the consumer but because the cigarette market is a market that change rarely happens, prices are the same regardless the brand the competition is a benefit. In conclusion the cigarette market oligopoly market is a pretty stable very profitable market that has proven to stand the test of time, anti-smokers protests and even recessions. This market has a proven track record and has no intent to go anywhere. With the ability to use consumers for free advertising this market has saved money in the marketing department which usually helps fight law suits but still keeps its consumers coming back for more each week. The amount for a pack of cigarettes today is between four and five dollars and for the amount of smokers that casually smoke to the addicted smokers who go through a pack a day the cigarette market is not going anywhere and profits they are seeing are simply astounding. References Thomas, C. R. , & Maurice, S. C. (2008). Managerial Economics (9th ed. ). New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Irwin. Market Information-Philip Morris USA. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http://www. pmusa. com/ed/ cms/Company/Market_Information/default. aspx

The strategic role of the Royal British Navy in the First World War

Introduction The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom (UK) is the oldest part of Britain’s combat forces and is often referred to as the â€Å"Senior Service†. The Naval Service is comprised of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Fleet Air Arm and reserve forces. From the 18th century up to the end of World War II, the Navy was the world’s principal and most powerful navy. Therefore it played a very important role during the period in keeping Britain’s position as the ultimate ‘superpower.’ The Royal Navy used various strategies and tactics such as the Antwerp, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli and the Zeebruge campaigns. The involvement of various sections of the Royal Navy helped to make sure of victories against serious enemies and opponents of British interests (Benbow 2011). This paper discusses the role of the Royal British Navy during the First World War by analyzing the war tactics they used in varying campaigns both on land and on sea. In the first place, the Royal Navy was crucial from a defensive point of view, a point made all the more acute by the fact that Britain is an island nation that is relatively isolated geographically. In terms of the home front, therefore, the navy was the first and more imperative line of defence. It must be considered, as an adjunct to this, that the wealth and power of Britain relied in large part on his expansive Empire, which could not have been protected by means other than naval power. It might be argued, of course, that Britain had established effective naval supremacy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 (Benbow 2011; Halpern 1994). However, despite the nation’s best efforts in conflicts such as the Seven Years War, among others, the state of affairs in 1805 had in actual fact been reversed to a significant extent by the turn of the 20th century. By the time of WWI, Britain’s navy was fairly outdated and its competitors were on the ascendant (Benbow 2011). The changing status quo by WWI made the burden on the navy heavier than ever. It still remained its 19th-century reputation as the ultimate military power and it had massive capacity to move soldiers and vessels across large international spaces territories. It still, moreover, had the capability to prevent rivals from doing similar strategic moving of troops and equipment (Halpern 1994). The floating gun vessels in particular were a devastating tool in the arsenal that frequently made it impossible for foreign leaders to act against Britain. The crucial fact was that the Royal Navy was able to stymie the efforts of foreign powers, making certain that there was always a supply of tradecrafts and raw materials so that Britain’s factories could make and distribute their products overseas. The Laissez Faire economic model that Britain adopted as the basis of its trading would not have been possible without the authority of the Royal Navy (Friedman 2001; Halpern 1994). It is clear , therefore, that regardless of apparent historical supremacy, the navy as important as ever in economic and defensive terms during WWI. Another aspect of the Royal Navy’s powerful role was control of communications and supply lines, so that it was possible to link up the Empire and control activities across the globe. Throughout the whole period, the Royal Navy’s war preparation and entry into the First World War demonstrates its state-of-the-art operation. This ability, however, arose not just through the navy itself but also the vast and sophisticated underpinning of expertise and strategy. For example, the Royal Navy was backed by a comprehensive research programme into maritime history, careful studies of allied and defensive maneuvers, and knowledge of politics and power in various regions across Europe and beyond (Friedman 2001). An important part of this was that Navy’s role in reconnaissance and observation. It was able to procure information about the capabilities of rivals, for example, whether political, military, or economic. The strategic role of the navy is best discussed in the context of contemporary events. The Germans marched into France and Belgium in August 1914 and desperately needed a â€Å"flying column†. At this time, Britain had between 20 000 to 30 000 navy reservists but could not make sure that all these reservists played a full role. Those parties in charge of strategy concluded that there were enough reserve soldiers to create two groups that would form vital brigades. So, in Britain the Naval Brigades and the Royal Marines Brigade were set up. The brigades became publicly recognized as the RND (Royal Naval Division) and soon after they were sent to Ostend, where they took part in a fierce battle in Antwerp. This battle demonstrates a number of different things about the strategic important of the navy. On the one hand, it indicates a clear purpose: the opposing of a German threat on the continent which, if unimpeded by the reservists, might have become a serious threat. The Marines were among the only British forces participating at the battle of Antwerp, and they brought about Germany’s withdrawal of a large proportion of their troops from the French front in order to capture of Antwerp (Stephenson 2011). However, the extent to which these soldiers struggled in due to poor training and shortages of proper equipment suggests that at this stage the Royal Navy was of limited strategic value. Thus, the Belgium army, which was comprised of mainly six divisions, was overcome by the Germans at Liege and the River Gate and had to retreat to the stronghold city of Antwerp (Halpern 1994). Had the Royal Navy been more adept in the first place this might never have occurred. However, the strategic role of the navy in this instance was salvaged to an extent when Winston Churchill, astutely realizing the important of Antwerp, bolstered the city using the Royal Navy Division. In this way, a key strategic position, in terms of Allied shipping, was saved by virtue of the navy. This point is made all the more compelling by the fact that the Belgians were forced to withdraw their forces from the fray on 6t October 1914, opening the path to a German victory. The intervention of the Royal Navy therefore came at a critical moment, heightening its importance (Grove 1987). The tactics of the Royal Naval Division on this occasion also suggests strategic relevance. An innovative plan was devised by which the troops dug trenches so that they could position themselves strategically during the battle. The aftermath of the battle is also worth mentioning. On 11 October 1914, the residual divisions of the Royal Navy Division arrived back home in England and immediately commenced their training camp in Blanford in Dorset (Jolly 2000). Crucially, they brought with them Belgian experience and the innovation of British armed forces. Changes were made to the training to better prepare the Naval Division as well as the Marine substitutes, that in the future would be selected and serve in Royal Marine battalions. Thus, through the navy’s combat experience and later role in Britain, the capability of the armed forces was enhanced. The French believed the Germans were on maneuvers in Belgium and sent some ships to trouble the German cavalry which were by now in North of Dunkirk. This maneuver was successful, which managed to give the impression that it was the central army. The British forces began to move ahead towards Brasa and captured Fort Zain. They also stopped efforts by the Turks to obstruct the river so the Turkish forces retreated from Brasa. Then, General Sir Arthur Barrett, the commander of the British army, deployed regiments to the city and the British forces established a strong occupation on 23 November 1914 (Knight 2006). The triumphant campaign allowed the majority of the British troops to return home, leaving only a small garrison. This episode is more than mere narrative. It reveals that for certain periods the Royal Navy was rendered almost redundant in a military sense due to a lack of conflict at sea. This is suggested by the fact that on 28 August, marines were located on ships during t he battle of Heligoland, with no lives lost. Later, however, at the Battle of Coronel in November, the British forces experienced a loss of 196 soldiers. One of the last encounters at sea was in 1914 during the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December. The importance of the navy was brought back into focus when, towards the end of 1914, the deadlock between the Western and Eastern Fronts ceased (Friedman 2011). This allowed the British Navy to establish and consolidate maritime control and superiority, but it was not practical to have the opening of a similar instance as Trafalgar. The British administration therefore needed to begin searching for an alternative that would conclude the war. During December 1914, the strategic importance of the navy on the Western Front became apparent. The British government had responded to a request for assistance from Russia, which was struggling to fight the Turks in the Caucuses. On 2 January 1915, the Secretary of State for War, Field Marshal Lord Kitchener agreed to demonstrate British strength to support Russia (McMillan 2013). Kitchener could not take any troops from the Western Front, so he turned to naval capacities for active involvement. As a result, the best location for action would be the tapered strip of water from the Mediterranean into the Sea of Marmara. The purpose and plan, masterminded by Winston Churchill, was to avoid the Turkish capital, First Lord of the Admiralty. Churchill created a complicated structure of a ‘third Allied front’ which gave tremendous assistance to Russia. The Royal Naval Division, moreover, went on to form an important part of the Mediterranean Expeditionary force (MEF), was wh ich also included the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), the 29th Division (British Army) and the Royal Naval Division (RND) (Dupuy 1967). Responsibility for the division was given to General Sir Ian Hamilton, The marines’ first conflict was in March 1915, where they targeted Turkish citadels and 22 individuals lost their lives while several others were injured. On 25 April the Plymouth Battalion with a group of 2nd South Wales Borderers landed on â€Å"Y† beach where a number of soldiers lost their lives (Churchill 1940). However, these successes were not without setbacks, and it should not be concluded that the Royal Navy was unequivocally of strategic value in these cases. There had been an early problem when the navy initially landed on 25 April and this had given Turkey chance of help to organize their defenses from Germany especially on top of cliffs that gave a direct view of the neighboring beaches and into the interior of the land (Dupuy 1967). On 28th April, the Chatham Battalion landed on the Anzac shoreline in order to safeguard a beach, and they stayed there until 12th May despite many deaths and casualties. On the 29th April, the Admiralty gave control of the Royal Navy Division to the British War office and it became the 63rd Royal Naval Division. The 63rd also had control of the RM training division located at Blanford (Herwig 1987). During May and June, Royal Marines participated in warfare at the 2nd and 3rd Battles of Krithnia. Additionally, there was action at Achi Baba on the 12th June. The MEF held their initial position at Gallipoli to try and find a conclusion to the struggle (Herwig 1987). One point of important to note about this episode is that the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF), along with the Royal Navy, experienced various levels of difficulties and higher levels of casualties. This prompted MEF’s withdrawal from Gallipoli, moreover. Winston Churchill’s administration has received severe criticism for the large number of lives lost over this period, and it can reasonably be questioned whether such as campaign can be deemed of strategic value. One might even say it was a strategic folly in human terms; and as Osbourne (2004) points out, the fact that Churchill stepped down from the Admiralty as a result is damning. Following the activities of this period, more action then took place in the sea rather than on land. The Battle of Jutland was the largest wartime conflict that occurred at sea during World War I. The battle commenced on 31st May 1916 when Germany fired against the British Battle Cruiser regiments. Royal Marines proved their strategic value here, as they were involved in 10% of the most important naval attack on crafts (Osbourne 2004). This proportion comprised mainly RMA whose job during this time was to operate guns. As it got bigger, the battle looked like it was getting out of control. The next day, British demolisher vessels attacked and sunk the Pommern. However in total, the Germans lost 11 ships while the British lost 14 ships, which suggests strategic folly in numerical terms (Osbourne 2004). In May the same year, RMLI brigades arrived from Gallipoli and were repatriated to France where new resources and weapons were organised. In addition, they were given more manpower and upgraded weapons to machine guns. In July, the RM Company was joined by companies called Howe and Anson the 188th Brigade of the re-titled 63rd RND (Herwig 1987). This group moved to a fairly quiet region of the Western Front. At this point, because of new weapons technology it was necessary to safeguard the line using three trench positions. Common Trench warfare was intended for use in heavy infantry but that was not commonly experienced through the commando tactics of RMLI (Friedman 2011). These battalions became a vital element to the Battle of Ancre Heights near Beaumont Hill. There were financial implications for this battle, as well as many casualties. On 17th April 1917 the 1st and 2nd regiments participated in armed combat at Miraumant and also during the 2nd Battle of the Scarpe later that m onth. During this armed effort, troops from the 63rd Division took over captured Gavrelle, led by General C. Lawrie. Immediately afterward, the 63rd Division also participated in the Battle of Arleux (Friedman 2011). The RND marched to various regions including Arras and Ypres during the winter weather, carrying heavy army equipment. In Ypres, the battalions trained very hard to prepare for a key offensive on the German border, north of Ypres. When it happened, the attack would take the forces to the strategic location of the Paddebrek stream, in the north region of the canal (Randier 2006). Because of significant losses earlier that year the 1st and 2nd RMLI contingents joined together to increase their masses numbers. However, at this point, there were some signs that the war was moving towards an end and the Germans begun realizing that their momentum begun to slow down. Finally, on 8th August the British put into place their counter plan to impact on German troops, disturbing all levels of hierarchy in the army, including the German High Command. This appeared to be a possible chance for victory, although it is vital to point out that victory was not guaranteed. On 2nd to 3rd September 1918, the 1st and 3rd Armies fought at the Battle of Drocourt-Queant, alongside the 63rd (RN) division in the Third army (Morison 1942). On 27th September to 1st October 1918, the 1st and 3rd Armies also engaged in combat at the Battle of the Canal du Nord. During this time, the 63rd RN group was once again a component of the third Army (Stephenson 2011; Osbourne 2004). As has emerged through this essay, the strategic value of the Royal Navy was mixed. Many historians viewed Gallipoli as a catastrophic tragedy, facilitated by confusing tactics and problems that allowed the enemy to prepare for the attack (Stephenson 2011). However, despite awful circumstances, the Marines still managed several successes demonstrating that they were a significant force on the ground in the capacity of infantry. Many of the experiences acquired by soldiers in World War I were valuable resources that were applied again in the experiences they would go through in WWII (Stephenson 2011). This essay has detailed the many triumphs of the Royal Navy; however, of them all the Zeebruge campaign was arguably the most important in strategic terms (Koerver 2010). After dealing with frightful conditions and dreadful weather, the Marines still managed to carry out their responsibilities and sabotage the canal (Stephenson 2011). Their accomplishments led to an unintentional benefit of giving a confidence boost and momentum for all British soldiers involved in the conflict in other places (Knight 2006). As a final, but by no means insignificant point, the importance of the Royal Navy as a blockading force deserves a mention. The efforts of the marines and the navy kept Germany surrounded, creating barrier to many trade routes and ports, causing starvation and eventually defeat. This contributed to higher levels of bankruptcy, as Germany exhausted its finances trying to keep up with Britain (Stephenson 2011; Osbourne 2004). In conclusion, is clear that the Royal Navy was an indispensible strategic tool during WWI. It had the capacity to fight effectively in different environments and landscapes, as has been outlined in the narrative sections of this essay. It was also useful in observing and introducing a wide range of tactics, strategies, and military equipment to Britain, which helped to evolve many modern aspects of warfare that are still with us today (Knight 2006). Its versatility on land and sea, moreover, which has been outlined throughout this essay in description of campaigns, was enormously useful. In concrete terms, the most essential raids that consolidated included Antwerp, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli, and Zeebruge, all of which involved the Royal Navy. Of course, it certainly had its shortcomings, and some of its failures and blunders have been discussed. However, this is an inevitable part of the operations of any force. In the end, while the Germans lost the war for a wide range of reasons, the impact of the British Royal Navy was certainly one of them; it was undoubtedly of great strategic value. Reference List Benbow, T Naval Warfare 1914-1918: From Coronel to the Atlantic and Zeebrugge. (Newbury: Amber Books Ltd, 2011) Churchill, W The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour ( Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949) Dupuy, T. N. The Military History of World War I: naval and overseas war, 1916-1918. (New York: Franklin Watts, 1967) Friedman, N., Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines, and ASW Weapons of All Nations: An Illustrated Directory (UK: Naval Institute Press 2011). Grove, E. Vanguard to Trident, (London: Naval Institute Press/The Bodley Head, 1987) Halpern, P. A Naval History of World War I. The Standard Scholarly Survey. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994) Koerver, H. J. German Submarine Warfare 1914 – 1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence, (Reinisch: LIS 2010) Herwig, H. H. Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy,1888-1918. (Oxon: Routledge, 1987) Joll, R. Jackspeak. (UK: Maritime Books, 2000) Will Knight, UK unveils plans for a new submarine fleet. New Scientist (Environment) 2006, McMillan, M. The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914(London: Profile Books Ltd, 2013) Morison, E. Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy. (UK: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942) Osbourne, E. W. Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919. (London and New York: Routledge 2004). Randier, J. La Royale: L’histoire illustree de la Marine Nationale Francaise. (Brest: Editions de la Cite, 2006) Stephenson, D. With our backs to the wall: Victory and defeat in 1918. (UK: Penguin, 2011)

Animal Management assignment Essays

Animal Management assignment Essays Animal Management assignment Essay Animal Management assignment Essay Risk assessment for chicken transportation from a farm to a slaughter house (2 of 2) 12. References 13. References Free range chicken management system Introduction Poultry is one of the most popular meat products in the I-J. EX. marketing rules require that free-range poultry farming allows chickens to run free giving them a chance to spend at least half of their day in the open air. European marketing standards require that free-range chickens have access to an open-air run in the day time in the night time chickens are let inside to protect them from predators. The birds should have the option to go inside when weather conditions are bad. In a free-range management system a chickens life span is longer than caged chickens, it also causes less stress to chickens in comparison to any other management system. This system requires minimal Costs, but moralities due to predators are quite high (Amelia J. G. 1999). Free-range chickens have an additional opportunity to show their natural behavior. It gives them more space for exercising and they are able to get natural sunlight (DEFRAY 2001). Access outdoors reduces the level of ridding for birds that choose to stay inside. Also more space and enrichment prevents chickens from cannibalism and feather pecking. Housing EX. marketing laws require that free-range chickens have access to open-air runs for at least half of their lives. There must be at least alma of range per bird. (Compassion in World Farming March 2013) Substrate in the shelter needs to be straw like or wood shavings; this is so chickens can display their natural behavior such as digging, dust bathing, pecking etc. Outside substrate has to be free draining and covered mainly in vegetation (DEFRAY 001 ), (Fig. 1). The area has to have some enrichment for birds like trees, bushes, hay piles etc. The roost must provide shade from the sun shelter from the wind and aerial predators, real or apparent (planes, other vehicles, humans etc. ). The building has to have plenty of open access for chickens to go in and out as desired. The housing needs to have easy access in all weather conditions for vehicles to park for bird transfers. Fig 1. Free-range chicken farm (Mutton p. 2006) Ventilation The shelter must have natural automatic ventilation control (side vents along he length of the housing, above the windows). The ventilation system needs to function so the air change rate is adequate to remove the heat from the building during hot weather. This is referred to as the maximum ventilation rate. During periods of low ventilation cold weather it needs to be able to remove stale/unpleasant air and humidity (minimum ventilation rate). Confirm and draught free distribution of air within the building is important. (DEFRAY Publications, 2001) Ventilation can be produced by natural forces or by powered fans (Fig. 2), either way the birds need to have the right enraptures at all times. Good ventilation is essential, especially in the summer time when weather gets hot. If ventilation is poor the birds might overheat, this could lead to stress and in the worst case, death. Ventilation helps to lower ammonia levels in closed areas; it also provides fresh air and reduces unpleasant doors. Fig. 2 Building ventilation system (SHEIKH, F. 2012) Layout feeders perches other equipment It is essential for feeders, drinkers, nest boxes and perches to have the right layout, Otherwise it could cause stress lower production. Feeders and drinkers (as shown in a Fig. ) are installed along the entire roost; this gives a chance for every chicken to have access to food and water. This layout reduces chances of starvation and dehydration. Perches should be arranger in such a way that chickens can freely move between them and other equipment, if not the birds could get hurt. Moreover, if the birds were to get damaged it could compromise the resale of the product. All equipment should be mobile and easy to move/remove for cleaning or when gathering the birds for transportation. Lighting Lighting needs to be designed and installed evenly throughout the building etc reduce an equal amount of artificial and natural light. For health and safety reasons the lighting system must be raised high enough so that the birds cannot reach peck it. Conclusion Free-range farming is beneficial for birds and consumers. For chickens it means that they will have slightly longer, healthier and more fulfilled life. Moreover, it provides higher quality welfare along with opportunities to go outside and roam, whilst offering a more enriched life inside. Slower growing bird breeds with access to open-air produces less but better fat and a higher quality product (RASPS, 201 1). Free range farming is beneficial to the consumer as the birds receive higher welfare, tend to be higher quality product, reasonably priced and are kept in an environment that is more natural. There are many issues surrounding the sustainability of agriculture, including restoration of habitats, improving soil health and water quality. The unsustainable practices that are uneaten have an ill effect on the aforementioned and the environment as a whole. The world population is growing at a fast rate which leads to the demand of agricultural commodities. Moreover, this leads for a call to action in sustainable agriculture management to support demands, an area of concern is water control. Water is the life blood of agriculture and wildlife alike, poor water management can have an impact on crop grow/regeneration to habitat disruption. An example of poor water management affecting crops is in the Irish grasslands, the grasslands have poorly drained soil which impedes the growth and yield of crops. To resolve the issues surrounding this area it has been suggested to improve the natural flow of the water off of the land by creating properly managed hedgerows, wetlands and buffer zones. Therefore, creating a lance that can see the sustainability of wildlife and crops equally, rather than only focusing on the yield of crops alone. Another area that is causing concern in agricultural water management sustainability is the impact it is having on the habitat of wildlife in general. Agriculture has a deep impact on the water resources within watersheds. When wildlife habitats are converted into agricultural land the effects alter the diversion of water, through the use of pesticides and removal of plants/water etc. To sustain these habitats plant diversity and water sources in the agricultural surrounding areas should be maintained, this will support a diversity of wildlife. The sustainability of wildlife and agriculture go hand in hand, if a natural ecosystem is upheld in the surrounding areas it could provide a natural source of pest management. In a world that the population could reach 9 billion by 2050, demand must equal supply. The requirement for agricultural sustainability is fundamental for the future of the environment and human demand. An ongoing strategy must be implemented and upheld to conquer the issues that are present, this will help ensure demand is met but not adversely affecting wildlife or the environment in the process. Agricultures deep connections to the world economy, human societies and biodiversity make it one of the most important frontiers for conservation around the globe. (World Wildlife Fund 2015) Zoo management nationally and internationally The diagram above is a tree structure of coordination in zoo management. The following will describe each organization and outline their activities: CNN International Union for the Conservation of Nature or World Union for the Conservation Of Nature. The JINN is responsible for valuing and conserving nature, it also provides information to attempt to solve major sues in climate change, food and overall development. GAZA The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria is a community that ensures that its zoo members throughout Europe uphold the highest standard of care. This relates to breeding and protecting endangered species. PEP The European Endangered species Programmer has workers collecting vital information on endangered species. They present a plan to ensure the species are protected and are managed correctly in the future. ESP. The European StudBook keeps data on all births, deaths and transfers of animals in Europe. This data can be used to advise zoos on how to manage healthier environment if required. TAGS Taxonomic Action Groups advises on how captive rearing should be managed and what space should be allocated for each species, alongside conservation. PIZZA British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria is an organization that represents the zoo and aquaria community in Britain and Ireland, it provides a voice for its members. WAS -? World Association for Zoos and Aquaria encourages relationships between zoological gardens and aquariums with the intent of promoting the highest level animal welfare, it also represents both communities. ISIS International Species Information System is a medium for international sharing of knowledge of animal species in animal management and conservation. Sims Zoological Information Management Systems goal is to improve local care by promoting population health and international conservation. SPARKS Single Population Animal Records Keeping System analyzes, records and manages the animal data, usually its focus is a single species. ARKS Animal Record Keeping System collects key data on animals in zoos to provide a management inventory. Medusas Medical Animal Record Keeping System works with ARKS to link he animal inventory to medical records. This data can be used to provide medical care advice and when tests are required. Animal identification methods Identification method Animals the method can be used on Application Use Implications for the welfare of the animals Ringing/ banding Wild domesticated birds. Small, individually numbered/marked metal or plastic tags are put on to the leg or wing of the bird. To identify individual birds, to track bird migration population. Causes stress in the process of catching and ringing/banding. Ear tagging Domestic livestock: cattle, sheep, pigs goats. Two plastic or metal tags that have identical numbers are joined through animals ear. To identify individual animals, to record and trace their life since the moment they are born to their death. The procedure might cause stress and pain. Freeze branding Horses cattle. The iron is cooled to a temperature of between -160 to -ICC. The branding iron is then pressed onto a shaved patch of skin on the animal. Is manly used by farmers to identify animal ownership. Causes pain and stress. Marking is permanent. Ear punching Mainly rodents. Could be used on cats and dogs. Using a special punch to produce a small notch in the animals ear. To identify rodents. Mainly used in laboratories. Causes pain, stress and is permanent. The Microchip Cats, dogs rabbits. The Microchip is implanted under an animals skin. To identify lost pets or other animals. Can cause stress, pain and is Permanent. Chip might move under the skin. Identification collars Companion animals. The collar is placed around the neck with important contact information. To identify individual animals, helps to find the owners of lost animals. Can be easily lost. Can cause damage to the animal or suffocation. Acoustic tag Fish.