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Special Education Essay - 848 Words

My focus for this standard was in the collaboration and trainings in the Special Education Department in Middlebrook School as well as in the district. I worked with the other Special Education Instructional Leaders (SPED ILs) to create similar SPED binders and google drives to create consistency of practice from building to building. We also meet monthly with the Director and Assistant Director of Special Education as a team. We worked to create a district wide transition calendar for all students moving from school to school next year. We scheduled staffings for each team of teachers working with the students and coordinating PPTs to ensure a seamless transition of service and best practice for each student with special needs. We worked†¦show more content†¦I invited SPED staff from other buildings to attend and shared our planning system and materials afterwards. Feedback was not only positive but they asked for additional trainings and were excited to use the skills with our students. We are now analyzing para support need from building to building and reviewing best practice for scheduling para support for children while still fostering independence. This is a challenge as student IEPs are individualized for a reason, however, we are looking to create some guidelines for staff to ensure efficiency of resources, as well as alternative and more creative ways to schedule our human resources. The challenges we faced in scheduling the transition plan as well as the paraprofessional trainings is three fold: time, culture from building to building and priorities of all stakeholders. First, the time needed to do such work takes us away from our other obligations in our buildings, most significantly, away from the students. The SPED ILs spent countless hours working together to create a transition calendar that would work for all schools. This was challenging when working around district and state testing, as well as building timelines for creating master schedules. Secon dly, the culture from building to building is different and while that is ok, we needed to consider and respect each building’s pastShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Special Education In ancient Greece and Rome there are isolated examples of caring for and treating disabled individuals, although those instances are thought to be family members taking care of their own family. Typically early societies shunned people who were considered different. During the Middle Ages the church provided care for physically or mentally impaired people. The development of techniques associated with special education of today did not emerge until the Renaissance eraRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pagescan cause hip dislocation and deformed bone growth.   No treatment may be currently available to lessen Davids impairment. Disability:    Davids inability to walk is a disability.   His level of disability can be improved with physical therapy and special equipment.   For example, if he learns to use a walker, with braces, his level of disability will improve considerably. Handicap:    Davids cerebral palsy is handicapping to the extent that it prevents him from fulfilling a normal role at home, inRead MoreEssay on Special Education2874 Words   |  12 PagesThe education system in our country was put in place in order to do service to our children. Despite this, in many cases, children that have disabilities are neglected by their schools. As a society, we all want to make sure that these children are being taken care of. However, there is a large spectrum of students with disabilities, and more needs to be done in order to meet every individual’s needs. In some cases, they do not receive enough attention, and others receive so much that it holdsRead MoreEssay on Special Education Becoming Less Special?1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthe back of the classroom and a book goes hurling towards the chalkboard. One’s first instinct would be to whip around and see what the commotion was about; however, it is just Toby, the special needs chil d. This class encounters outbursts like this from Toby nearly everyday. The mainstreaming of special education students is the main reason behind these disruptions. Some of these pupils spend up to 80 percent of their day in a standard classroom setting. Inclusion of disabled students into a customaryRead MoreEssay on Special Education Reflection1336 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of students with learning disabilities was wrong. However, I never felt that inclusion of special educationRead MorePhilosophy of Special Education Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pages Philosophy of Special Education Marchelle Mitchell EDU 535 February 4, 2015 Valerie Klaus Philosophy of Special Education The purpose of schooling is to help our special education students to be functional and independent in the real world. I want them to learn how to deal with real life situations and to be able to understand and adapt to the changes it may bring. For example, being an autism teacher of high school students, my philosophy is different than of an autism teacher of elementaryRead More History of Special Education Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Special Education Introduction Special education has faced many changes during the last century. During this time there have been many opinions on the way students with differences should be taught and treated. This paper will discuss the history of special education during the twentieth century. We will also discuss the laws associated with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Finally we will discuss the current and future challenges that the laws have on special educationRead MoreCareer in Special Education Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesIn the profession of a special education teacher, a person commits to helping children achieve their best and to help â€Å"students overcome their obstacles† while finding a way that the child can effectively learn (Hollingsworth). My mom’s career as special education teacher for twenty-two years, allows me insight and experience into the tougher aspects of this career, but also the rewards to the job. My mom helps me understand that a special educ ation teacher guides a child to expand their strengthsRead More History Of Special Education Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. The views of they way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed as people have become more open minded. The education laws have also seen a turn about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems has emerged from no education to special funding and programs especially for those individuals with learningRead MoreHistory of Special Education Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Special Education History of Special Education Marie Cudia Grand Canyon University: SPE526: Educating Learners with Diverse Needs April 2, 2012 History of Special Education The history of Special Education just as any history; is a long battle that has been fought by many who cared in order to bring us to where we are today. Its Journey has and will be never ending; since society is forever evolving. We will be fighting for equal rights in education and in life

Waste Segregator Chapter 1 - 1605 Words

I. Introduction Since the human being lived in this world, different kinds of waste were produced continuously. In the early years, the common wastes produced were biodegradable. There are no major problems with this since it will decompose over time. As the number of population increases and new inventions were made, the kind of waste produced by humans also increases. Some of these wastes include plastics, glass, metal, papers and many more. Some of waste scattered in the surroundings are recyclable. But due to improper waste management, these are not optimized. In the current generation, different manual systems are starting to be automated. Waste management was also starting to follow the trend. In other countries, there are automated†¦show more content†¦Whereas the crude methods of sorting wastes practiced may be efficient, it wastes useful time; hence the need for a mechanized sorting machine. An attempt has been made to develop a waste sorting machine, which is conceptualized to sort wastes into light materials, ferrous metals and other heavy materials. The waste sorting machine consists of a hopper through which the waste is fed through; a fan and air channel through which the light weight materials are separated from the waste matrix; a belt conveyor which carries the left waste towards a magnet-fitted shaft/pulley which separates ferrous metals and also chambers into which the separated components of the waste fall. The machine is designed with the major components being the fan, the belt conveyor and the magnet. Tests carr ied out on the machine successfully classified wastes into light materials and heavy materials with inability to sort ferrous metals. Samples of wastes tested weighed 1.15kg and 3.53kg. The wastes consisted of an average of 32% of light materials and the time to sort the waste was 65 minutes per unit mass. This machine separates light materials such as paper, nylon, textile and heavy materials similar to nylon, ferrous and non ferrous metal, glass and paper sorted by the machine developed by Falayi in the tear 2007 and the machine designed by Adzimah and Anthony

The Upper Class and Miss Anne Elliot Essay - 1352 Words

The Upper Class and Miss Anne Elliott Jane Austen, it appears, seems to be saddened by the decay of Englands aristocratic social order. The study of her main character, Anne Elliot, and her innocent yet intelligent-like persona take her readers further into the core of her foundation of ethics, and the relation of these to the daunting traditions of her immediate family and surrounding social circle gives the reader a fresh look at the importance of class distinction and the clearly perceptible emptiness of the aristocratic society that, in actuality is believed to have existed in Austens own life. A close assessment of the development of Austens ideals through the course of her novels reveals the fundamental nature of the central†¦show more content†¦The absence of familial love increases in Persuasion, as Anne Elliott, exists in her own perception apart from what she thinks are the less-appealing characteristics of her family. The distinction between this novel and her others is that for the first time in Aust ens work, the inferior class is actually superior intellectually, morally and emotionally as compared to the high ranking society. This book also blatantly criticizes the prominent social class that had been, to some extent, upheld up to different degrees by at least one character in all of her previous novels. Anne Elliott acts as the only interpreter of this representation as she sees, with somewhat silent condescension, the absurd vanity her family is fascinated with. An ideal example of Annes moral ethics opposing her father’s vain ones occurs when she offers the idea of a high-ranking naval officer renting their manor while they relocate to Bath. Here Anne spoke - The Navy, I think, who have done so much for us, have at least an equal claim with any other set of men, for all the comforts and privileges which any home can give. Sailors work hard enough for their comforts, we all must allow. Yet, Sir Walters biased and inflexible response to Annes modest and tolerant one, which follows, demonstrates AustensShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Persuasion And Wuthering Heights1677 Words   |  7 PagesIn Wuthering Heights and Persuasion, the Earnshaw’s and Elliot s, respectively, have many family ties. In Wuthering Heights, the Earnshaw’s, a middle class family, have a strong connection to their neighbors the Linton’s, an upper middle class family. The Linton’s have two children, Edgar and Isabella. Mr. Earnshaw takes in a young boy, Heathcliff, which causes tension between the family. Catherine become good friends with Heathcliff, and Hindley become jealous of Heathcliff since Mr. Earnshaw appearsRead MoreJane Austen s Novel Persuasion1657 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s novel Persuasion explores how society worked in the 1800’s. It shows the issues of living in a patriarchal society and how social class was very important. T hrough Sir Walter Elliot’s character, it is shown how the upper classes have certain standards of behaviour and character traits that they show. Austen begins the novel with â€Å"Sir Walter Elliot, of Kellynch Hall, in Somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the Baronetage; there he found occupationRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1318 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel, Persuasion, Jane Austen writes about the way Sir Walter Elliot,†. . . never took up any book but the Baronetage.† (Austen 3). He was man who was wildly obsessed with his family s history, because he felt that in many ways his earliest patents defined him as the person he was. It is made clear that your relations and acquaintances were important in establishing your rank as an individual and as a family. In Persuasion, Sir Walter Elliot is described as â€Å"Few women could think more of their personalRead MoreWuthering Heights And Persuasion Essay1796 Words   |  8 PagesLintons, and the Elliots, Hayters, Musgroves, and Smiths, respectively, have many family ties. In Wuthering Heights, th e Earnshaws are a middle class family. Mr. Earnshaw has two children Catherine and Hindley, and one adopted son, Heathcliff. Catherine and Heathcliff develop a strong brother-sister relationship. The Lintons are a upper middle class family, and have two children, Edgar and Isabella. In Persuasion, Sir Walter Elliot, a baronet, has three daughters: Elizabeth, Anne, and Mary. AfterRead MoreJane Austens Persuasion Essay3571 Words   |  15 Pagesideas presented about marriage that are not very appealing. The main story of the novel was the reunion of Anne and her shattered love with, Captain Wentworth. Though they were sincerely in love, the relationship was rejected by her father and Mrs. Russell from a financial and social class perspective. The ending of the story brings us to a beautiful happily ever after, where the engagement of Anne and Captain Wentworth takes place. The reunion of the couple, led to happiness for the two and that wasRead More Womens Rights in Pride and Prejudi ce Persuasion by Jane Austen5483 Words   |  22 Pagesfirst published in 1813. It tells us the story of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy, who will overcome the pride and prejudice they feel towards each other to find mutual happiness. Persuasion was written between 1815 and 1816. The main character, Anne Elliot, has suffered unhappiness after taking her family’s and friend’s advice to reject a man she loves. The â€Å"truth universally acknowledged† in the opening lines of Pride and Prejudice â€Å"that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be inRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesNOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of society was affected by rapid and unforeseeable changes.  As some writers greetedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora AcquisitionsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmigration numbers is a challenging task. Records of long-distance migration are much more readily available than of short-distance and domestic migrations. But even many long-distance moves—such as those by ship passengers not traveling in third class or steerage—were not categorized as migration. Others were not recorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETHRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesIndianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen AVP/Executive Editor: Bob Horan Editorial Project Manager: Mary Kate Murray Editorial Assistant: Jason Calcano Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Production Manager: Debbie

Friedman Family Assessment Free Essays

Friedman Family Assessment Darla Lauer NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP – BC Friedman Family Assessment The following is a study of a family using the Friedman Family Assessment. â€Å"Public health nurses must have skills to move competently between working with individual families, bridge relationships between families and the community, and advocate for family and community legislating and influence policies that promote and protect the health of populations† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 600). We will write a custom essay sample on Friedman Family Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identifying Data and Composition The personal identifying information such as full name, address, and phone number are not used so the family’s identity remains confidential. The assessment of the family revealed a complex system. This is a nuclear/blended family with traditional male/female roles. Each spouse has two children from previous marriages. Those children are grown, married with children, and live in different cities. They share a son aged 12. Each member brings his or her own expectations to the group. Their dress, eating habits, and health views are typical of middle-class American. They eat three main meals a day with snacks and are very cognizant of caloric balance. LB states that she has a regular appetite but, she also states that she has lost 51 pounds this past year. Her current weight is 169 pounds and she is 5 foot 7 inches. LB has a body mass index (BMI) of 25. 5, which is overweight, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (â€Å"Centers For Disease Control And Prevention†, n. d. ). JB is 5 foot 9 inches and 190 pounds. AB is 5 foot 5 inches and 110 pounds. They see the doctor every two to three months a year as instructed for health check-ups. The ethnic makeup of the family members shows LB is white, born, and reared in New York. JB is Hispanic, born, and reared in Puerto Rico. AB is White/Hispanic, born, and reared in Orlando, FL. They state their religious preference is Catholic, but rarely attend formal church. LB has a diploma degree and works as a registered nurse. JB is a mechanic and has a twelfth-grade educational level, attained in Puerto Rico. AB is attending 7th grade at Deltona Middle School. According to â€Å"The New York Times† (n. d. ), this family is â€Å"upper-middle class† (Class Matters A Special Section). LB likes to cook, breed German Shepherd dogs, and read. She is actively involved in the Democratic Party and has met President Obama several times. JB likes to watch sports or work on his project restoration car. AB is involved in baseball and many days are spent at practice or games. Developmental State and History of Family This household is presently in Friedman’s fourth stage of development, family with school aged children. The â€Å"Family developmental and life cycle theory explains and predicts the changes that occur to families and its members over time† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 10). The main tasks of concern in this family is to socialize the shared child, including promoting school achievement and fostering of healthy peer relations of the child. The other tasks for this stage are maintaining a satisfying marital relationship and meeting the physical health needs of family members (Friedman, 1998). The family appears to be accomplishing their tasks well and will soon transition to Friedman’s fifth state of development. At the present time, LB is in fairly good health, she has lost weight and her rheumatoid arthritis is well maintained. She takes Methotrexate 25 mg PO weekly. JB is in good health except for high blood pressure that is maintained on medication, He takes Amlodipine-Benaz 10/40 mg 1 po qd and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg po 1 qd. LB and JB share family chores such as laundry and the cooking. AB has chores assigned such as taking out the trash, yard work, and he is responsible for his room and his bathroom. LB was born in America on July14, 1962 to Italian American parents. JB was born in Puerto Rico on March 28, 1963, and his one surviving parent, mother, still resides in Puerto Rico. LB completed high school in New York and went on to complete a diploma nursing program in 1987. She was married once previously and has two grown children from that marriage. JB completed high school in Puerto Rico, moved to the United States when he was 24. He was married once previously and has two grown children from that marriage. He works as a mechanic. AB is presently in 7th grade. Environmental Data The family’s home was built in 1985 and is 2500 sq. ft. and is one level. Entering through the front door, the main living room, dining, and kitchen area are viewable. It is an open floor plan with the bedrooms all on one side of the house. There are four bedrooms and two and a half baths. A bedroom is an office for both LB and JB. The entire flooring structure is tile. They are on the city water. There are two dogs in the home. There are functioning carbon monoxide detectors and smoke detectors in the house. The house is very neat, clean, and organized. They live in a suburban neighborhood; the closest neighbor is within 100 feet. The closest relatives they see on a regular basis are JB’s mother who visits once a year. Otherwise, they rely on friends and neighbors for support. The closest hospital is approximately ten minutes away and the local fire and police stations are approximately five minutes away. While there is crime in the area, it is usually small time theft as reported by LB and JB. The atmosphere of the neighborhood is of an older development. The neighborhood is clean, well maintained, and children can be seen playing in the yards. LB and JB moved to this present location 20 years ago. Before that they lived separately. LB, JB, and AB are busy and spend most of their free time at home. Both parents are active with AB’s baseball team and LB is the team mom. JB fills in as an assistant coach when needed. Family Structure and Functions Communication patterns in the family are open. LB and JB are open, honest, and have a good sense of humor regarding their marriage, previous marriages, children, and outlook on life. LB and JB are knowledgeable about each others’ illnesses. The values the family possesses are hard work, open, and define themselves spiritually as Catholics, however, non-practicing. LB and JB state they share all decisions with regard to home, children, and finances. LB manages the banking and budget. LB sets the menu, and grocery shopping is done together. They share the cooking for dinner and state that they generally eat dinner together as a family. Affective and socialization functions in this family are normal. LB and JB provide the care and love best suited to teach AB the skills, values, and norms of society and their subculture. Affection is displayed by hugging, touching, and verbalization. The health of the family is the very important to LB and JB. LB oversees all of this as she is a nurse. Health is seen as managing their chronic disease processes, staying fit, and eating healthy. LB does not smoke, however, JB admits to smoking intermittently with either a cigarette or cigar. He reports always smoking outside the home. The entire family receives regularly recommended vaccines. LB has increased her exercise regimen and joined a gym. Though not overweight, JB rarely exercises. AB is very active and normal 12 year-old. Dental health has not been a priority for the adult family members though they report that AB has had regular dental check-ups and cleaning completed. Family Stress and Coping The family together advised me that there are no major stresses right now. LB and JB both verbalize concern over economics and the future of their jobs and ability to maintain their lifestyle should the economic outlook worsen for the country. LB also verbalizes her concern that her rheumatoid arthritis that has caused some joint deformity could worsen. She notices a change in the fine motor skill of her hands and strength. AB states he worries his team is not going to win their division. Both parents indicate that they routinely sit down with AB and discuss what is going on in school and in his life in general. The family indicates that they have family round table discussions concerning any major issues. The family respectfully listened and used good conversation skills without attacking each other throughout the interview. Family Nursing Diagnoses The priority nursing diagnosis for this family is impaired dentition related to ineffective oral hygiene as evidenced by LB and JB’s gum erosion, missing teeth, and discoloration of enamel. Another nursing diagnosis is impaired physical mobility related to musculoskeletal impairment as evidenced by LB’s joint malformation, complaints of decreased fine motor skill, and strength. A third diagnosis is ineffective airway clearance related to smoke inhalation as evidenced by JB’s verbalization of smoking (Ladwig Ackley, 2011). Community Health Nursing Interventions For the priority nursing diagnosis, one intervention is to recommend LB and JB see a dentist as soon as possible. Recommend using a rotation oscillation power toothbrush for removal of dental plaque two to three times a day. Another intervention is to ascertain the family’s present knowledge of dental hygiene and educate family on proper mechanics of brushing teeth, the use of floss, and brushing the tongue. A third intervention, recommending that the family continue to eat a balanced diet and limit simple sugars and carbonated sodas. It is imperative that a nurse complete a thorough assessment on all clients. â€Å"Using excellent communication skills, nurses help families determine the priority of issues they are confronting, identify their needs, and develop a plan of action. Family members are experts in their own health† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 612). References Centers for disease control and prevention. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov Friedman, M. M. (1998). Family Nursing. (4th ed. ) Stanford, CT: Appleton Lange. Ladwig, G. B. , Ackley, B. J. (2011). Mosby’s Guide to Nursing Diagnosis (3rd ed. ). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Stanhope, M. , Lancaster, J. (2008). Public Health Nursing: Population-centered health care in the community (8th ed. ). Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier. The New York Times. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com How to cite Friedman Family Assessment, Essay examples

Contemporary Accounting Theory

Questions: Task 1. Provide a report summarising the purpose of Corporate Sustainability Reporting (CSR) by referring to the Global Reporting Initiatives' (GRI) Sustainability Framework (G3.1). Task 2. Identify two ASX Top-500 companies multinational companies and compare their reporting on economic, environmental and social aspects in their annual reports and standalone sustainability reports for the reporting year ending 2014. [Note: Download their annual report for the reporting period ending 2014. Task 3. Discuss how the two companies (discussed in Task 2 above) managed 'legitimacy' through reporting (i.e. CSR information disclosure) from the perspectives of systems oriented theories. Answers: Introduction This report is focused on the subject area of environmental and sustainability reporting of the companies. The report has mainly divided in to three tasks. In the first task, the report has discussed about the purpose of corporate sustainability reporting done by the business organizations. At the time of discussion on this topic, the steps of Global Reporting Initiatives are also discussed in respect to the sustainability Framework. In the second task of the report, comparison is made on the reporting techniques of Woolworths and New Zealand and Australian Bank or NAB in respect to the economic, environmental and social context. The third task is concern about the discussion on the management of legitimacy done by the management of two companies from the system oriented theories perspectives Task 1 Summarized report regarding the purpose of Corporate Sustainability Reporting The purpose of sustainability reporting can be better understood by understanding the meaning of sustainability reporting. Barkemeyer et al. (2015) stated that the report through which the corporate or business organizations provides or discloses the information related to their economic, social, environmental and corporate governance performance. According to Kjaergaard et al. (2016), with the help of sustainability reporting, the business firms can identify and disclose the impacts of their business operations on the different sustainability issues. In the other words, it can be said that sustainability reporting helps the organizations to become more transparent about the opportunities and risks that they face. On the other side, de Villiers et al. (2016) mentioned that the sustainability reporting not only discloses the information related to the different social, environmental and economic aspects but also it helps in improving the sustainable development strategies of the companies. In general, there are different purposes due to which the organizations in the international market use to do sustainability reporting in each financial year. These purposes are stated as below: The first and foremost purpose of sustainability reporting of the companies is to fulfill the commitments done by the business organizations to the society, environment and economy of the country. At the same time, maintaining the proper transparency level is another main reason or purpose of sustainability reporting (Patel and Rayner 2015). As per the part 2 of GRI standards, the company must disclose the strategy and profile along with the corporate governance structure in the sustainability report. The next purpose of sustainability reporting is to plan for different activities related to the future sustainability of the companies. As per the principles of sustainability reporting stated by GRI, the companies must include the performance indicators in their sustainability reporting. These performance indicators of the companies help in identifying in which area how much the company has improved its performance (Siew 2015). This disclosure helps the management to set the strategies for the improvement of future sustainability of the company. There are many companies where the preparation of the sustainability report is the tool that helps them in understanding the extent to which they are successful in solving the issues in the society. The sustainability report of the company shows what are the strategies taken by the company in a particular financial year and what are the benefits that the stakeholders of the company gained from those strategies (Cho et al. 2015). Therefore, the sustainability report of the company indicates the areas in which the company is lacking behind in fulfilling the needs of its stakeholders and by this identification the company can take better strategies for improvement (De Klerk et al. 2015). The standards provided by GRI also stated that the sustainability reports of the companies must represent the needs of both the report users and report maker. Another reason of preparing the sustainability report is to maintain the regulations. At present scenario, the preparation of sustainability report has become mandatory for all the listed companies in Australia as well as in other parts of the world (van Staden 2015). There are few countries like Denmark, Netherlands and Sweden etc where the companies are bound to provide the sustainability reports along with their annual reports. It shows how much the company is careful about the society or about the stakeholders of them. As per the current report, the number of companies in international market those are publishing the sustainability report in each year is increasing day by day. For example, as per KPMG report, 70% of the top 500 companies in ASX (Australian Securities Exchange) are producing the sustainability report in each year regularly. On the other side, in case of UK, the governments regulations like, Climate Change Act, 2008 and Carbon Reduction Commitment, 2010 influence the companies to prepare the sustainability reports (Murakami and Kimbara 2015). There is another purpose of preparing the sustainable report by the companies and that is to survive in this competitive market (Siew 2015). As the sustainability report of the company shows the transparency level of the company, the popularity of the company depends on this. In the international market, the customers, suppliers, government and other stakeholders are very much curious about the business operations and activities done by the companies (de Villiers et al. 2016). Therefore, if a company does not provide the sustainability report, then the stakeholders of it will not know what the steps or activities done by the companies. This will affect the trust of the stakeholders on that company. Hence, in long run it will affect the competitive position of the company in the market. The understanding of the risks and the externalities is another reason of preparing the sustainable report. According to Cho et al. (2015), by preparing the sustainable report, the management of the company can clearly understand what ate the risks and externalities that they may face in future. As per the G4 guidelines of GRI, the companies must do sustainability reporting in order to minimize their risks. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that there are many reasons or purposes for which the companies in the modern business world prepare the sustainability report or do sustainability reporting. However, in this context, the steps taken by GRI for sustainability reporting can be stated. The steps of GRI are as under: GRI has arranged for several events and programs in order to make the companies aware about the importance of sustainability reporting (De Klerk et al. 2015). Recently, GRI has arranged for 5th GRI global conference, where 1500 leading companies took part and shared their knowledge regarding the benefits that they have achieved due to sustainable reporting. GRI has taken the agenda of together for a better tomorrow. With the help of this particular agenda, GRI has tried to influence the companies towards the non-financial reporting (van Staden 2015). GRI has tried to influence the companies towards the disclosure of all the positive and negative impacts of their operations on the society, environment and economy. The part 1 and part 2 of G4 guidelines of GRI has indicated the importance of disclosure of non-financial aspects by applying the reporting principles. GRI has initiated the Certified Training Program in order to make the people aware regarding the guideline as well as the reporting of non-financial aspects. This program has included number of topics and the training is being provided by the specialized training organizations in the local languages of different places (De Klerk et al. 2015). During this training program, the people not only get the knowledge about the GRI guidelines but also they become aware of the process of GRI sustainability reporting including 5 different phases. GRI has also prepared the support suite. The main purpose of providing this support suite is to give the people the knowledge of each tool and the services that are offered by each phase of GRI. This support suite is actually like cycle that includes each phase of GRI sustainability reporting process. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that GRI has taken several steps in order to make the people aware regarding sustainable reporting. The benefits of sustainable reporting are also mentioned by GRI. However, if the analysis is made on the success of the efforts made by the GRI, then it can be seen that in many countries, the activities of GRI has achieved success. In this regards, the example of Australia can be mentioned (Globalreporting.org. 2016). It has been stated above that presently, 70% of the top 500 companies listed on Australian Security Exchange are regularly providing the sustainability reports. On the other side, GRI has achieved much success in Denmark and France. As per KPMG report, in the year 2013, there are many companies those joined in sustainability reporting for the first time. Few of these countries are Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, US, India, China, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Greece, Norway, Russia, Taiwan, Poland, Nigeria, UAE etc. The KPMG reporting has also disclosed that GRI has also achieved tremendous success in Asia Pacific region. There are more or less 71% of the companies in Asia Pacific region has provided sustainability reports in the year 2013. The percentage is also high in case of America and Europe. In case of America, the percentage of sustainability reporting is 76% and in Europe it is 73% (Globalreporting.org. 2016). However, in this context, de Villiers et al. (2016) mentioned that the success of GRI is mostly seen in the developed countries. In case of the developing countries, the success rate is not so high. For example, in China, the rate of sustainability reporting increased by only 16%, which is much lower. The rate is also poor in Taiwan that is 19%. However, in the words of Kjaergaard et al. (2016), GRI has brought new phase in sustainable development. GRI became successful in achieving several developments in communities also. Therefore, from these points of views, it can be said that the efforts made of GRI are successful in overall context. However, it needs to make more focus on the developing countries. Task 2 Comparison between the economic, environmental and social aspects reporting of two Australian companies New Zealand and Australian Bank and Woolworths Australia are the two companies in the top 500 multinational companies, having a worldwide operation. The Annual Reports of both the companies are studied and analyzed to find the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the companies are compared on the basis of social, environmental and economic parameters. CSR is an important part of the Annual Report, which shows the different actions of the company, which impacts the stakeholders and the community at large (Annual Report 2016). NAB, is a financial institution and is a market leader in their own field. At the same time, this company is well known for their CSR activities. The CSR of this company can be divided into social cause, economic factors and the environmental parameters. This company is well for the social benefit welfare programs like the reduction in the carbon emissions across the operations of the company. The activities of the concern revolve around cutting the emission of the carbon and make the world a better place to live (www.woolworths.com.au 2016). The financial services industry has to take care of the different environment issues as the impact of this sector on the overall economy is huge and this company makes enough contribution to the economy. The issues of the customer satisfaction and security are of prime importance to the company (Shin 2014). The safety measures include the checking and re-checking of the products so that the products delivered do not harm the safety measures of the customers and they are safe and are not harmed by the use of the different products of the company. There is a transparency and disclosure measures of the company, which takes care of the clarity of the performance of the company. Clarity helps in conducting the business with a flawless ability and makes the performance of the business smooth and flawless. Moreover, the business conducted by the company in the wake of the clarity makes it easier for the company to conduct business. This affects the overall image of the business and makes it worthwhile to do business. The strategy and the vision of the company revolves around the strong culture base of the company and at the same time effective and successful execution of the strategies of the company. Understanding the values of the different cultures are an integral part of this company and this helps in building a strong bond in the company and at the same time helps the company in positively affecting the society (Takkar 2015). The economic factors that lead to the contribution in the economic factors include the risk mitigation and the risk management of the company. Managing risk is an important consideration in the economic factors. Risk appetite of the company, strategic planning of the company and the operational planning process help the economy in achieving the true potential of the company and make the company more competitive. The risk culture of the company helps the company in achieving the goals and the objectives of the firm thereby making the company achieve the targets and objectives of the company (Kobzar et al 2015). Analyzing the annual report of this company, it can be analyzed that the company focuses on the overall aspects of the concerns and all the details are looked into. The cutting of the carbon emissions, providing health care facilities to the needy, mitigating and managing the risks of the concern is few of the instances, which focuses on the complete nature of the CSR activities of the company. Internal Audit done by the company brings about clarity in the overall activities of the concern (Greening et al 2012). The next company whose Annual Report is analyzed is Woolworth Australia. This company is active in the retail space and is one of the leading retailing concerns. In terms of turnover, the company comes among the top 100 global companies. This company is concerned about the different regulations of the regulatory bodies like the Commonwealth of Australia. This sort of the regulations help the company in obliging to the different rules and regulations. On the other Annual Report states that the company has not incurred any sort of significant amount of liabilities in their portfolio. This highlights the fact that the company is serious about the workings of their and they achieve the performance of the company (Nab.com.au 2016). This company has a strong governance framework, which makes the achievement of the social responsibilities of the company all the more important. Moreover, this company has to achieve the governance standards and achieve those objectives. The Board of Directors governs the committee and the governance committee has different committee inside it. Few of the examples of the committee are audit and risk committee, nomination committee and the people policy committee. With the advent of such committee, the company has to deliver the social responsibility program and meet the requirements of the clients (Pedersen 2015). Moreover, this company aims to reduce the wastages of water by 200m litres within a specific period, as to meet the water scarcity levels and make sustainable efforts to reduce the wastage of the water. As this company is involved in the retailing sector and deals with food products, this company aims to waste zero food products by 2016. Apart from this, the sustainable and the ethical sourcing of the products is an important factor in the corporate social responsibility of the company. Different policies regards to the Animal products, paper, timber and pulp and other labor policies of the company (Luc 2016). The activities of the company serve millions of the customers and make the life of the people fulfilling. This company employs about 200,000 peoples and at the same time, providing safety and security is a top priority to the company. Mutual benefit is the main priority of the company and they provide a focused and collaborative nature of work to deal with the different stakeholders, particularly the employees. On the other hand, the long-term value creation of the shareholders is an important criterion of the company. They aim to build a long lasting relationship with the shareholders and continue that relation for a long period (Schneider and Schmidpeter 2012). In times of crisis, this company tries to be the light at the end of the tunnel in matters of different critical issues. They want to drive changes in the social community, business and in the society through their different endeavors. The customers, stakeholders and the community members are listened closely and the critical issues are worked upon to reach to a solution. Moreover, the creation of the long lasting relationships with the different business partners makes the value creation an effective tool for the company and does different social responsibility (Preuss 2013). This company tries not to conduct any sort of corruption or immoral behaviour, breaching the law, conflict of the interest. This sort of behaviour on the part of this company provides for a greater opportunity in the social responsibility space and at the same time, helps the company to achieve greater heights in the corporate space. This company has a good reputation in the social responsibility space and they try to hold on to the performance and reach the pinnacle of success. If the company holds on to the current performance then it will be esier for the company to retain the customers, achieve different milestones (Kumar 2015). On analyzing the Annual Reports of the two companies, there is found to be many similarities between the two companies regarding the different social, environmental and economic initiatives. Both the companies are active in a social scale and they try to contribute at a sustainable level. The main target of the companies is to reduce the negative impact of the company on the society. The common activity of the companies is to use a sustainable method in the approaches like reducing the carbon emissions, taking care of the safety regulations of the customers and implementing the risk management practices in place. Proper management of the risks helps the company to properly mitigate the risks and make proper changes as per the needs. The use of such methods and models reflects on the responsibility of the company in protecting the interests of the different stakeholders and both the companies are sincere in protecting the interests of the stakeholders. The strategies of both the companies revolve around setting a complete strategy that helps the company in delivering fair and transparent results, thus making strong impacts on the different stakeholders of the company. Moreover, they try to make long lasting relationships with the business partners so that the business of the company can run for a long time and the sustainability factors of the company are met. At the same time, both the companies focuses on the economic benefit factors of the company so that the economic conditions are improved and the social responsibility factors of the company are also met (Servaes and Tamayo 2013). Task 3 Discussion on the techniques of managing legitimacy through reporting In todays business context, the disclosure of all the information related to the corporate social responsibility activities of the company is very important in order to manage the legitimacy in the business. Presently, the activities related to the corporate social responsibilities are becoming one of the most important parts of each company (Murakami and Kimbara 2015). The CSR disclosure not only discloses the activities done by the company but also shows how much the company is responsible towards the society. However, in order to understand the techniques applied by Woolworths Limited and New Zealand and Australia Bank to manage the legitimacy through reporting from the system oriented theory perspectives, it is very important to know about the system oriented theories at first. The system oriented theories are stated below: Legitimacy theory: In the words of Luger et al. (2015), the Legitimacy theory explains the attitudes of the companies in respect to the implementing and improving the voluntary information disclosure related to the environmental and social context. The theory also states that the disclosure of environmental and social information is made by the companies in order to meet the objectives of the companies towards the society and in order to ensure the sustainability in the problematic situation (Nurhayati et al. 2016). According to this particular theory, the organizations report about their corporate responsibilities as per the expectations or needs of the society. At the same time, the theory also indicates that the organizations discloses or reports about their corporate responsibility activities in order to maintain the legitimacy in a better manner. Dagiliene (2015) believed that legitimacy theory provides better knowledge about the corporate social and environmental disclosures of the companies. Stakeholder theory: Mitchell and Cohen (2015) suggested that stakeholder theory states about the relationship between the companies and their external as well as internal environments. In the other words, it can also be said that the stakeholder theory indicates the responsibilities of the business organizations towards their internal and external stakeholders. Miles (2015) mentioned that this theory talks about the business ethics. According to Freeman (2015), the business organizations are responsible towards the society and the environment or its stakeholders and the company needs to balance the interest of each stakeholder. However, on the contrary, Mitchell and Cohen (2015) argued that the interests of the stakeholders of the company are balanced against each other. In oppose to this argument, Miles (2015) commented that it is not possible to balance between the interests of the managers and shareholders if there is no steps taken or policy made by the company. Therefore, from t his point of view, it cannot be said that the interests of the stakeholders are balanced against each other. However, the Stakeholder theory suggests that the company must maintain or operate its business by satisfying the interests of each stakeholder. Institutional theory: This particular theory suggests that the formal structure of a business organization largely dependent on the institutional environment. In this respect, Cornelissen et al. (2015) stated that the Institutional theory emphasizes on the policy-making of the organization by considering the legal as well as formal aspects provided by government. At the same time Hoffman (2016) opined that the Institutional theory shows how the rules, policies, norms and internal structure of the business organizations are established as per the social behavior guidelines. On the other side, the Institutional theory also suggests that there is no particular concept that can define the structure of an institute. It is the social structure that helps to achieve higher level of resilience and this social structure includes the normative, regulative and cultural-cognitive elements of social life. Therefore, in respect to the Institutional theory, it can be said that it is very important for the business organizations to formulate their structure or business structure as per the social regulations and these social regulations can be maintained by fulfilling the needs of all the stakeholders of them. However, from the above discussion on three different theories, it can be understood that all these system oriented theories mainly provides a common suggestion and that is fulfill the needs of society. This suggestion is also applicable in case of the two ASX Top 500 companies that are Woolworths Australia and New Zealand and Australian Bank (NAB). However, in order to check how these two organizations manage legitimacy through reporting, it is important to understand how far their business operations consider the social needs. The New Zealand and Australian Bank or NAB manages the legitimacy by disclosing its financial and market position along with its Corporate Social Responsibility activities in each years annual report. If the annual report, 2015 of the company is considered then it can be seen that the management of the organization has disclosed that the capital management of the company is mainly focused on the efficiency, adequacy and flexibility. Along with this, the annual report 2015 of the company also disclosed that as the company maintains the adequacy for its capital, the risks involved in this company is lower (Nab.com.au. 2016). On the other side, the company has also disclosed that the business activities of the company have followed the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, third edition. At the same time, the company has also mentioned that the business activities of the company have maintained the Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 and in the financial year 2015, the company has used 60% of the energy that is permitted by the NGER Act of the country. It is also mentioned that the company has implemented and followed some energy efficiency programs in 2015. On the other side, the company has introduced the Energy Savings Opportunity schemes in United Kingdom during 2015 (Nab.com.au. 2016). Therefore, from the above it can be said that the company that is New Zealand and Australian Bank has disclosed all the possible information related to the social context. By disclosing the risk factors and the information related to the financial information, the company has helped the stakeholders like, shareholders, government, investors and suppliers etc to understand the actual level of sustainability of it. On the other side, by disclosing the percentage of energy usage, it has made clear how much the company is responsible to the environment and society. Therefore, by disclosing all the facts and figures the company has tried to fulfill the interests of all the stakeholders and by this, the company has also maintained the legitimacy and stakeholder theories. On the other side, the different types of disclosures have also represented that the decisions taken by the board of directors of the company were influenced by the social needs. In this respect, it can also be said that t he company has also followed the institutional theory. On the other side, if the annual report of Woolworths Limited can be seen, then it can be identified that the management of the company has taken several steps in order to fulfill the needs of all the stakeholders or society. This particular company has also followed the three above mentioned theories to manage the legitimacy. The 2015s annual report of the company disclosed that the company has followed the Corporation Act 2001 in order to manage the business risks and the company has followed the ASCI Regulatory Guide 247 for the effective disclosure of the business risks. The company has also agreed that it is responsible towards the environmental liabilities due to the petrol and meat processing plants as well as the winemaking operations of it (Woolworths Online. 2016). At the same time, the company has also disclosed that their winemaking operations and meat processing plants have affected the environment negatively and due to that the company has faced adverse effects on its operations. The company has also disclosed that few of its brands may not get that much success in the future and involvement in joint venture and strategic alliances have created high uncertainties. On the other side, the company has mentioned that it has appointed talented people and has planned for several performances development activities in order to manage the performances of the employees. The company has also taken care of the workplace environment (Woolworths Online. 2016). Therefore, from the above it can be said that the company has made full disclosure of each information that is relevant for managing the legitimacy. Along with this, the steps taken by the company for disclosing the information relevant to the society and stakeholders denote that the company has followed the theories like legitimacy, stakeholder and institutional. Conclusion The above discussions under the three tasks of this assignment have disclosed that corporate sustainability reporting is very important in order to maintain the transparence of the business operations. At the same time, it is also important for identifying the future risks of the business. GRI has taken several steps in order to make the organizations understand the importance of corporate sustainability reporting. On the other side, the annual reports of NAB and Woolworths have disclosed that both the companies have maintained transparence and good relationship with the stakeholders. At the same time, both the companies have disclosed all the importance information in order to manage the legitimacy and for that the companies has followed the system oriented theories. Reference List: Barkemeyer, R., Preuss, L. and Lee, L., 2015. On the effectiveness of private transnational governance regimesevaluating corporate sustainability reporting according to the global reporting initiative.Journal of World Business,50(2), pp.312-325. Cho, C.H., Michelon, G., Patten, D.M. and Roberts, R.W., 2015. CSR disclosure: the more things change?.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,28(1), pp.14-35. Cornelissen, J.P., Durand, R., Fiss, P.C., Lammers, J.C. and Vaara, E., 2015. Putting communication front and center in institutional theory and analysis.Academy of Management Review,40(1), pp.10-27. Dagiliene, L., 2015. The research of corporate social responsibility disclosures in annual reports.Engineering Economics,21(2). De Klerk, M., de Villiers, C. and van Staden, C., 2015. The influence of corporate social responsibility disclosure on share prices: evidence from the United Kingdom.Pacific Accounting Review,27(2), pp.208-228. de Villiers, C., Rouse, P. and Kerr, J., 2016. A new conceptual model of influences driving sustainability based on case evidence of the integration of corporate sustainability management control and reporting.Journal of Cleaner Production. Freeman, R.E., 2015. Stakeholder Theory.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Globalreporting.org. 2016. Global Reporting Initiative. Greening, D.W., Wall, J. and Elias, S.R., 2012, December. Developing Theory in Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship. InProceedings of the International Association for Business and Society(Vol. 23, pp. 91-97). Hoffman, A.J., 2016. Institutional Theory and the Natural Environment: Building Research Through Tensions and Paradoxes. Kjaergaard, T., Schleper, M.C. and Schmidt, C.G., 2016. Current Deficiencies and Paths for Future Improvement in Corporate Sustainability Reporting. InLogistics and Supply Chain Innovation(pp. 67-83). Springer International Publishing. Kobzar, T., Nikolayeva, V. and Shvets, O., 2014. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Kumar, S., 2015.Corporate Social Responsibility. ICFAI University Press. Luc, J., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility. Luger, J., Mammen, J. and Haleblian, J., 2015. Security Analaysts' Influence on Acquisition Decisions: A Joint Agency and Legitimacy Theory Approach. Miles, S., 2015. Stakeholder theory classification: a theoretical and empirical evaluation of definitions.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-23. Mitchell, R.K. and Cohen, B., 2015. Stakeholder theory and the entrepreneurial firm.Journal of small business strategy,17(1), pp.1-16. Murakami, K. and Kimbara, T., 2015. Does CSR Enhance the Transfer of Environmental Practices to Overseas Subsidiaries?.

4)The Application of Science to Engineering Essay Example For Students

4)The Application of Science to Engineering Essay Improvements in engineering are very important to the industrialization and prosperity of a country. Although engineering improvements sometimes come through trial and error they are most often achieved by applying pure science and mathematics to engineering. Canadian engineering was improved a great deal in this manner. The engineering associated with building materials and long distance communication, two of Canadas most important industries, was improved through the application of pure science. One of the most important scientific discoveries of all time was the law of electromagnetic induction discovered by an englishman, Micheal Faraday, in 1831. This discovery was applied to mechanical generation of electricity which made tremendous improvements to communications throughout Canada. The electric telegraph, first discovered in 1837 by Samuel Morse, was a great improvement over the mechanical telegraph which required the use of a telescope and was much less effective. It encodes messages electrically, transmits them over facilities such as copper wire, coaxial cable, and fibre optics to their destination where they are decoded into their original form. Combinations of long and short bursts of electric current are sent through a circuit thereby encoding each letter of the alphabet. More efficient transmission facilities were developed as the mining industry developed. The discovery of electricity sped up the development of mining through electric lighting and better machiner y and ventilation, which led to better materials for wires and cables. Telegraph lines were set up along the CPR in 1885 as a convenient root, but also to relay information about the position of each train along the track to avoid collisions. The telegraph was also the main source of information for newspapers.Like the telegraph, the telephone wouldnt have been possible without the discovery of electricity. The telephone was discovered by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 and is much more advanced than the telegraph. It encodes variations in sound waves into variations of electric waves through vibrations of a diaphragm which are then transmitted. Electromagnets are used to send these vibrations through a cable, which are received on the other end by another diaphragm. For its first few years the telephone was for public use only ( for calling fire stations, doctors). A central exchange system was then set up and wealthy people began to gain access. The telephone quickly became essentia l in unifying and further developing the country. In the construction industry there were several huge advances in the technology of building materials. Two related materials with similar methods of production are cement and bricks. Cement production in Canada began in 1889 in Hull, Quebec. Portland cement was the principle type and consisted of lime, silica alumina and iron. This type of cement and others were produced using rotary kilns. Through chemical studies it was discovered that the kilns had to be heated up to temperatures of 1400 to 1650 degrees Celsius in order to cure the cement properly. To heat the kilns to these high temperatures new materials had to be developed to insulate them. It became possible to manufacture cement strong and durable enough for manufacturing. Sand, gravel and crushed rock were added to the cement to produce concrete. Concrete became crutiel in the construction of such things as the foundations of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, irrigation, and sewage systems. We will write a custom essay on 4)The Application of Science to Engineering specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Near the same time as the development of cement was the introduction to brick manufacturing to Canada. Through chemical studies, clays were found to be good materials for making building blocks. Scientists discovered the proper temperatures to subject the clays to in order to get a uniform and durable brick. Different kilns, such as the downdraft and tunnel kilns were experimented with in order to achieve the appropriate temperatures and air circulation to produce these bricks. At this time brick manufacturing became extremely important in the construction of buildings. Bricks were used not only as a vencer but also to support the whole load of the building. .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .postImageUrl , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:hover , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:visited , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:active { border:0!important; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:active , .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5a23858ab80089ac1b65c403215c02b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Giver EssayThe most important discovery for the construction industry in period two was that of steel.. The first process to manufacture steel was invented by a man named Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856. He created the Bessemer converter which was a pivoting container lined with silica clay or dolomite. Iron was smelted in the furnace and carbon and limestone added to the alloy iron. During early stages of steel production air was blown into the furnace as a carbon source. Latter coke was burned in the furnaces and some of the carbon reacted with the iron. Many other people have contributed to the process of steel production since Bessemer, among these people was Thomas Bas ic. In 1877 he designed a brick lined converter that could attain the temperatures needed to produce better steel. He also used limestone to absorb unwanted phosphorus and other impurities because of its basic nature. Up until Hamilton began to produce steel in 1890, Canada imported all that they needed. Steel was found to be strong, durable and resistant against corrosion and therefore had many uses to the worlds industrializing nations. Therefore it had many uses and it influenced technological growth profoundly. It also had a huge impact on the mining and the transportation industriesIt doesnt really matter that many of the scientific discoveries applied to Canadian engineering did not occur in Canada. What really matters is that Canadian engineering was greatly improved through the application of scientific knowledge.